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JJarker iS (Bfeoflrajjftical (auejstions* 



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QUESTIONS II GEOGRAPHY, 

^Adapted for the use of ^ ^ *^ ''- 

MORSE'S, 



''A^/3A 



WOODBRIDGE'S, WORCESTER'S, MITCHELL'S, FIELD'S, 
MALTE BRUN'S, SMITH'S, OLNEY'S, GOODRICH'S, 

' OR 

(ANY OTHER RESPECTABLE COLLECTION OF MAPS: 

EMBRACING, 

BY WAY OF QUESTIOiV AND ANSWER, SUCH PORTIONS OF THE ELEMENTS 

OF GEOGRAPHY AS ARE NECESSARY AS AN INTRODUCTION 

TO THE STUDY OF THE MAPS. 

TO WHICH IS ADDED, A CONCISE 

DESCRIPTION OF THE TERRESTRIAL GLOBE. 



BY RICHARD GREEN jPARKER, A.M., 

AUTHOR OF " AIDS TO ENGLISH COMPOSITION." 

\ / \\^ ,- V 



^'wsTOVl.:;- 



NE W YORK: 



HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS, 

82 CLIFF STREET. 



-iz^i^/f^ 







EJntered, according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand 
eight hundred and forty-seven, by 

Harper & Brothers, 

m the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Southern District 
of New York. 






PREFACE. 



The following Questions embrace none of the tedious 
and uninteresting details of Geography. They are designed 
to simplify the study of this important science, by means of 
the useful and important process of classification. There 
are few questions among them that can not be answered 
from any respectable atlas ; and the author trusts that they 
will prove useful and convenient on this account, as they 
may be used without subjecting a class of pupils to the 
expense frequently attendant on a required uniformity of 
maps. At the same time, he believes that a proper study 
of these questions will leave little else to be desired on this 
subject that ought to he taught in common schools. The 
answers of such questions as can not be answered from 
the maps are given in connection with the questions them- 
selves. 

A concise description of the Terrestrial Globe, with a 
few problems for its use, will be found at the close of the 
volume. 

Boston, Ja.miary, 1847. 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 



1. What is Geography % 

Answer, Geography is a description of the earth on which we live. 

2. What is the earth ] 

Answer. The earth on which we live is a large globe or round ball ; 
but, on account of its immense size, its roundness is not perceptible to 
the eye. 

3. How many miles long must a line be, to extend around 
the earth 1 

Answer. A line to extend around the earth must be twenty-five thou- 
sand miles long. This is called its circumference. 

4. How many miles long must a line be to extend from one 
side of the earth, through the center, to the opposite 
side] 

Answer. A line to extend through the earth iTiust be nearly eight thou- 
sand miles long. This is called its diameter. 

5. Of what does the surface of the earth consist ] 

Answer. The surface of the earth consists of land and water, nearly 
one third being land, and two thirds water. 

6. How is the land divided, and of what does it consist 1 

Answer. The land is divided by water into Continents, Islands, Penin- 
sulas, Isthmuses, and Capes. It consists of Mountains, Valleys, and 
Plains. 

7. What is a continent ] 

Answer. A continent is a large extent of land, comprising many coun- 
tries not separated by water. 

8. How many continents are there 1 

Answer. Properly speaking there are but three continents : — 
The Eastern Conti- S f Y°^^' The Western Conti- ) North America 
nent, containing ) ^^^^J^ . nent, containmg J gouthAmerica ; 

The Continent of New Holland. 
But some geographers speak of each of these as a continent, and thus make six con- 
tinents, — Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South America, and New Holland. 



6 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 



9. What are the seven grand divisions of the world ] 

Answer. The seven grand divisions of the world are 
Europe, ) 

Asia, > on the Eastern Continent ; 
Africa, ) 

«o«U™eta.1»» 'he western Continent; 

• Austraha, or Australasia, Southeast of Asia ; 
Polynesia, or Oceanica, in the Pacific ocean. 

10. What countries are contained in North America 1 
Answer. North America contains the following countries : — 

British America, Russian Possessions, and Greenland, in the North ; 

The United States, in the middle ; 

Mexico and Guatemala, or Central America, in the South. 

11. What does South America contain 1 

Answer. South America contains the following countries : — 
New Grenada, Venezuela, Equador, or Ecuador, Guiana, in the North ; 
Brazil, in the East ; 

Paraguay, Uraguay, and the United Provinces of La Plata, in the South- 
east ; 
Patagonia, in the South ; 
Chili, Bolivia, and Peru, in the West. 

12. What countries do'es Europe contain ? 

Answer. Europe contains the following countries :— 

Great Britain," 
France, 
Holland, 
Belgium, 
Denmark, 
Germany, 
Poland, 
Prussia, 
Austria, 
Hungary, 
Switzerland, , 

13. What countries does Asia contain 1 

Answer. Asia contains the following countries : — 
Siberia (belonging to Russia), in the North ; 
Tartary, and Thibet, in the middle ; 
Turkey, % 

Arabia, 
Persia, 
Beloochistan, 
Afghanistan, 
Hindostan, 

Chin India, or Farther India, 
China, 
Corea, 
Japan, 

14. What are the divisions of Africa 1 

Answer. Africa contains the Barbary States in the North ; 
Egypt, ) Western Africa, Southern Africa, 

Nubia, > in the Northeast ; Southeastern Africa, the African 

Abyssinia, ) Islands. 



Lapland, 
Norway, 
Sweden, 
Russia, 

Portugal, 
Spain, 
taly, 
Turkey, 



in the North 



in the South 



) in the middle. 



i 



in the South and Southeast. 



GEOGRAPHICAL aUESTIONS. 7 

15. What parts of the world are called Australia, or Aus- 
tralasia ] 

Answe? The word Australia, or Australasia, means Southeastern Asia, 
and comprehends New Holland and several other large islands, which 
lie Sotitheast of Asia. 

i6. What does the word Polynesia mean 1 

Ajiswer. The word Polynesia means many islands; and this division 
of the earth contains all those clusters of islands in the Pacific ocean 
which lie East of Asia, and West of North and South America. They 
are sometimes called Oceanica. 

17. What names are applied to the water on the surface 
of the earth 1 

Answer. The names of the different portions of water on the surface 
of the earth are Oceans, Seas, Lakes, Gulfs, Bays, Straits, Sounds, 
Channels, Rivers, Friths, and Estuaries. 

] 8. What is an ocean 1 

Answer. An ocean is an immensely large extent of water nowhere 
entirely separated by land. 

19. How many oceans are there] 

Answer. There are five oceans : the Pacific, the Atlantic, the Indian, 
the Northern, or Arctic, and the Southern, or Antarctic oceans. 

20. What is a sea 1 

Answer. A sea is a portion of an ocean almost surrounded by land. 

[Note. A sea is sometimes called an ocean, and an ocean is sometimes called a sea. 
Thus the North sea is sometimes called the German ocean, and the Pacific ocean is 
sometimes called the Pacific sea.] 

21. What is a gulf or bay] 

Answer. A gulf or bay is a part of the sea extending up into the land, 

22. What is a strait ] 

Answer. A strait is a narrow passage of water joining two seas, or one 
part of a sea with another. A channel is a similar passage of water, 
wider than a strait. 

23. What is a sound ? 

Answer. A sound is a portion of the water, not so large nor so deep as 
a sea. 

24. What is a lake ] 

Answer. A lake is a large collection of water in the interior of a 
country. 

25. What is a river, and what is meant by the basin of a 
river '? 

Answer. A river is a large stream of water that flows into an ocean, 
sea, lake, or another river. The level country, through which a river 
flows, is called the basin of the river. 

26. What is a frith or estuary ] 

Answer. A frith or estuary is the widening of a river at its mouth into 
an arm of the sea. 

27. What is an island ? 

Answer. An island is a tract of land entirely surrounded by water. 



8 



GEOGRAPHICAL aUESTIONS. 



28. What is a peninsula ] 

Answer. A peninsula is a portion of land almost surrounded by water. 

29. What is an isthmus 1 

Answer. An isthmus is a neck of land which joins a peninsula to the 
main land, or two parts of a continent together. 

30. What is a cape ] 

Answer. A cape is a point of land projecting into the sea. If the land 
is high and mountainous, it is called a promontory. 

31. What is the difference between a continent and an 

ocean ] 

Answer. A continent is the largest undivided portion of land ; — an 
ocean is the largest undivided portion of water. 

32. What is the difference between a gulf or bay and a 
cape'? 

Answer. A cape is land that projects into the sea ; — a gulf or bay is 
water that extends into the land. 

33. What is the difference between an island and a lake 1 

Answer. An island is land wholly surrounded by water ; — a lake is 
water surrounded by land. 

34. What is the difference between a peninsula and a 
sea] 

Answer. A peninsula is land almost surrounded by water ; — a sea is 
water almost surrounded by land. 

35. What is the difference between an isthmus and a 
strait ] 

Answer. An isthmus is a narrow portion of land connecting two other 
portions of land ; — a strait is a narrow passage of water connecting two 
other portions of water. 

36. In which of the seven divisions of the earth is each of 
the following countries 1 

[For the answers to these questions, see answers to questions 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14.] 



37. The United States ? 

38. Great Britain ? 

39. Spain? 

40. Siberia? 

41. Persia? 

42. Egypt? 

43. France? 

44. Mexico? 

45. Belgium? 

46. Arabia? 

47. Guatemala? 

48. Hindostan? 

49. Hungary? 

50. New Holland? 

51. Greenland? 

52. Brazil? 

53. Switzerland? 

54. Guiana? 



55. Abyssinia? 

56. Chili? 

57. Holland? 

58. Bolivia? 

59. Corea? 

60. Peru? 

61. Austria? 

62. Norway? 

63. Sweden? 

64. Italy? 

65. Lapland? 

66. China? 

67. Japan? 

68. Portugal? 

69. Prussia? 

70. New Grenada ? 

71. Beloochistan? 

72. Afghanistan? 



73. Ecuador? 

74. Tartary? 

75. Thibet? 

76. Patagonia? 

77. Russia? 

78. Denmark? 

79. Germany ? 

80. Poland? 

81. Farther India? 

82. Turkey? 

83. Nubia? 

84. Barbary States ? 

85. Venezuela? 

86. Japan? 

87. Paraguay? 

88. Guinea? 

89. United Provinces of 

La Plata ? 



GEOGRAPHICAL aUESTIONS. 



MAPS. 



90. What is a map 1 

Answer. A map is a representation of the earth, or a part or it, upon a 
plain or a level surface. 

91. What parts of a map represent the North, South, East, 
and West 1 

A)iswer. The top of a map represents the North, the bottom represents 
the South, the right hand the East, the left hand the West. 

92. What parts are represented by the four corners of a 

map 1 

Answer. The right hand upper corner represents the Northeast, and 
the right hand lower corner the Southeast ; the left hand upper corner 
represents the Northwest, and the left hand lower corner represents the 
Southwest. The direction of one place or part of a map from another 
is to be given according as it approaches the top and bottom or the 
corners of the map. 

fN.B. On the map of the world, the different parts mentioned in the last two ques- 
tions are represented in a different manner on account of its circular form. The map 
of the world is divided into two parts, called hemispheres or half-globes ; the one on the 
right hand is called the Eastern hemisphere ; the one on the left hand is called the 
Western hemisphere. In the center of each of these hemispheres there is one straight 
line from the top to the bottom of the map, and one straight line from the left to the 
right. The ends of these lines represent the top, bottom, and sides of the map. All 
the other lines are curved lines, and their ends represent also parts of the top, bottom, 
and sides of the map. The direction of one place from another is found by following 
these lines. These lines are explained under the head of Latitude and Longitude.]* 



MAP OF THE WORLD. 

93. How does the map of the world represent the whole 
surface of the earth ? 

Answer. The map of the world represents the earth as if it were cut 
in halves from North to South, and each circle represents one half of 
the earth's surface. These halves are called the Eastern and the West- 
ern hemispheres. A hemisphere is half a sphere. A sphere and a globe 
mean the same thing. 

94. In which hemisphere are Europe, Asia, and Africa] 

95. In which are North and South America 1 

96. In which hemisphere is New Holland 1 

* As a visible illustration will often convey a clearer idea than a long explanation, 
it is recommended to every teacher who wishes to convey a distinct notion of the man- 
ner in which the map of the world, with its two circles representing the hemispheres, 
presents a view of the whole world, to procure a wooden ball of any size (the larger the 
better), and have it sawed in halves, and to connect the two halves with a hinge He 
can then spread it open before his pupils to show how the map of the world presents a 
picture of both sides of the world at one view, and by shutting the two halves together 
he can easily explain how the Northwestern part of America and the Northeastern part 
of Asia are respectively situated, and how it is that places which on the map of the 
world appear to be the farthest apart, are in reality the nearest together. This simple 
expedient will be found a more useful aid than a costly globe. 



10 GEOGRAPHICAL aUESTIONS. 

97. If we divide the map of the world into two hemispheres 
by that line called the equator, running from the left hand 
to the right hand side of the map, in which hemisphere 
are Europe and Asia 1 

98. In which is North America 1 99. South America 1 
100. Africa 1 101. Australia] 102. Polynesia] 

103. Which way from North and South America is the 
Atlantic ocean ] 

104. Which way from Europe and Africa is the Atlantic 1 

105. Which way from Asia and America is the Pacific 
ocean 1 

106. In what direction is the Indian ocean from Asia and 
Africa 1 

107. Which way from America, Europe, and Asia is the 
Arctic ocean ? 

108. Which way is the Antarctic ocean from South Ameri- 
ca, Africa, and New Holland ] 

CAPES. 

109. What cape forms the southern extremity of South 
America ] 

110. What cape forms the southern extremity of Africa ] 

111. What cape in the eastern part of South America ] 

112. What cape in the northern extremity of Europe ] 

113. What cape in the eastern extremity of Africa] 

114. What cape forms the western extremity of Africa ] 
Answer. Cape Verd. 

115. What cape forms the western extremity of South 
America ] 

Ansiner. Cape Blanco. 

116. Wliat cape forms the northern extremity of South 
America ] 

Answer. Cape La Vela. 

L17. What is the northern cape of Africa ] 

Answer. Cape Serrat. 

118. What cape is the southern extremity of Europe? 

Answer. Cape Matapan. 

119. What cape is the northern extremity of Asia ] 

Answer. Cape Taymour. 

Note to the pupil. If you can not find tlie answer to a question, on the map of /;!:■,« 
world, look for it on some other map. Thvis, if you are required to find what i^ape 
forms the northern extremity of Europe, and you can find no such cape on the map of 
the woiid, look for the answer on the map of Europe, and there you will find that 
North cape will be the answer to the question. 



GEOGRAPHICAL dUESTIONS. 11 



120. What sea lies between Europe and Africa ? 

121. What sea between Asia and Africa ? 

122. AVhat sea northeast of the Mediterranean sea ] 

123. What sea southeast of Asia 1 

124. What two seas north of the Indian ocean ^ 

iNote. The Bay of Bengal is sometimes called a sea.] 

125. What three seas south and southeast of Asia 1 

126. What sea between North and South America ? 
Ayiswer. The Caribbe'an sea. 

127. What sea east of the Black sea ] 

128. What is the only sea in the western hemisphere 1 
{See qiiestion 126.) 

ISLANDS. 

129. What islands lie between North and South America 1 

130. What island east of the south part of Africa % 

131. What islands east of Asia 1 

132. What island north of New Holland % 

133. What island southeast of Greenland ] 

134. What islands west of Africa % 

135. What islands north of Cape Verd islands % 

136. What island west of the south part of Africa % 

137. What cluster of islands west of North America % 

138. Through what three large islands south of Asia does 
the equator pass] {See question 97.) 

139. What two large islands west of Europe % 

140. What island south of the southern extremity of South 
America % 

141. What is the largest island on your map of the world ] 

GULFS, BAYS, STRAITS, ETC. 

142. What gulf is south of North America % 

143. What two bays in the northern part of North Amer- 
ica? 

144. What strait connects Baffin's bay with the Atlantic 
ocean ] 

145. What channel between Madagascar and Africa ? 

146. What strait connects the Mediten'anean sea with the 
Atlantic ocean '? 



12 GEOGRAPHICAL aUESTIONS. 

147. What strait separates the northwestern part of Amer- 
ica from Asia '? 

148. What strait separates the island of Terra del Fuego 
from South America ? 

Answer. The Strait of Magellan. 

149. W^hat strait separates the two islands Sumatra and 
Java 1 

150. What strait connects the Red sea with the Indian 
ocean % 

151. What peninsula forms the southern extremity of Asia 1 

152. What peninsula on the west side of North America 1 

[N.B. Recollect, if you caa not find the answer on the map of the world, to look on 
the map of Europe.] 

BOUNDARIES. 

[Note. To bound a place is to mention what is on the north, east, south, and west 
of the place.] 

153. How is America bounded on the east and west 1 

154. How is Africa bounded on the north and west ] 

155. By what sea and ocean is Africa bounded on the east 1 

156. What cape terminates Africa on the south 1 

157. What cape terminates South America on the south 1 

158. How is Asia bounded on the east 1 

159. What sea partly separates Asia from Europe ? 

160. How is Europe bounded on the west ] 

161. What bounds Asia on the east, and America on the 
west ? 

162. What is the name of that large body of water on the 
east of Asia and New Holland, and west of North and 
South America ] 

163. How is the island of Madagascar bounded 1 

164. By what ocean is America bounded on the north 1 

165. By what ocean are Europe and Asia bounded on the 
north ? 

166. What oceans bound New Holland on the east, south, 
and west 1 

167. What ocean and seas bound Asia on the south 1 

168. How is Europe bounded ? 169. How is Asia bounds 
ed '? 170. How is Africa bounded 1 171. How is Amer- 
ica bounded 1 172. How is New Holland bounded 1 

173. Which is the largest and which is the smallest of the 
grand divisions, Europe, Asia, Africa, America, and 
New Holland ? 



GEOGRAPHICAL aUESTIONS. 13 

174. Which is the largest of the oceans on your map 1 

175. Which is the largest of the seas on your map 1 

176. In what part of Europe is England 1 

111. In what part is Spain 1 Russia? France? Portugal 1 
Italy ] Germany ] Turkey ? Norway ? Sweden ? Den- 
mark ? Lapland 1 Switzerland? Poland? Austria? Hol- 
land ? Belgium ? Hungary ? 

178. In what part of North America are the United States ? 
The British Possessions? Guatemala? The Russian Pos- 
sessions ? Mexico ? Greenland ? 

179. In what part of South America is Brazil ? Chili ? 
Peru ? Patagonia ? New Grenada ? Ecuador ? Bolivia % 

180. In what part of Asia is Siberia ? Turkey ? Hindos- 
tan ? Arabia ? Persia ? China ? Japan ? Thibet ? 

181. In what part of Afi'ica is Egypt ? Guinea ? Nubia ] 
The Barbary States 1 Abyssinia ? 

[N.B. Recollect the direction given yovi in the note ; and if you can not find the 
answer on the map of the world, look on the map of North America, Europe, or Asia, 
etc.] 

MAP OF NORTH AMERICA. 

182. What countries does North America contain ? [See 
question 9.) 

183. What is the name of the northwestern part of North 
America ? 

184. What country is in the southwest of North America % 

185. What sea east of the south part of North America ? 

186. What strait connects Hudson's bay with the Atlantic 
ocean ? 

187. What bay south of Hudson's bay ? 

188. What mountains run through the western part of the 
United States ?* 

189. What are these mountains called in Mexico ? 

190. What gulf east of the peninsula of California ? 

191. What gulf south of the United States ? 

192. What five lakes between the United States and Upper 
Canada % 

193. What river carries the waters of these lakes into the 
Atlantic ocean % 

194. What gulf must the St. Lawrence pass through be- 
fore it can reach the Atlantic ocean ? 

A mountain is very high land. Mountains sometimes occur single ; but they are 
generally found in chains' or ranges. The level land found on mountains, or mountain- 
ous countries, is called Table land. 



-14 GEOGRAPHICAL aUESTIONS. 

195. What peninsula south of the Gulf of St. Lawrence ? 

196. What island east of the Gulf of St. Lawrence ] 

197. What two islands north and northeast of Nova Scotia'? 

198. What islands in the Atlantic east of the United States 1 

199. What cape is the southern extremity of Greenland 1 

200. What cape forms the southern extremity of the Uni- 
ted States 1 

201. What cape forms the southern extremity of Cali- 
fornia '? 

202. What bay north of Guatemala 1 

203. What sea southeast of the Gulf of Mexico 1 

204. What river runs from Slave lake into the Arctic 
ocean 1 

205. What lake southwest of Hudson's bay ] 

206. What river runs into the northern part of the Gulf of 
California 1 

207. There is another river of the same name; into what 
does it flow 1 

208. What country east of Baffin's bay 1 

209. What peninsula forms the southern extremity of the 
Russian Possessions 1 

210. What territory of the United States lies west of the 
Rocky mountains 1 

211. What peninsula forms the southeastern extremity of 
Mexico '? 

212. What four large islands east of Yucatan ] 

213. What isthmus connects North and South America 1 

214. What cluster of islands northeast of Cuba ] 

215. On what island is the city of Havana ] 

216. On what island are Cape Haytien and Port au Prince 1 

217. What large river runs through the United States into 
the Gulf of Mexico] 

218. What lake in Guatemala ] 

[Note. The dotted lines on the map are usea to separate the different countries. 
When there is a natural boundary, that is, a lake, river, sea, ocean, or mountain, the 
dotted line is omitted.] 

219. Is Montreal in LTpper or Lower Canada ] 

220. Why is one part of Canada called Upper Canada, and 
the other part called Lower Canada 1 

Answer. All rivers run down toward the sea or ocean ; and conse- 
quently those places on a river which are farthest from the sea mu&t be 
farthest up the river. Upper Canada lies farther up the river St. Law- 
rence than Lower Canada ; and Lower Canada is lower down the rivei 
than Upper Canada. 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 15 

221. Is Quebec in Upper or Lower Canada] 

222. What river is a continuation of the boundary line be- 
tween Upper and Lower Canada ] 

223. Does Yucatan belong to Mexico or Guatemala ] 

224. What large river of- the United States runs into the 
Pacific ocean ] 

225. Into what river do the Yellow Stone, Platte, and 
Kansas empty ] 

226. In which division of North America are Mount St. 
Elias and Fairweather mountain 1 

227. Into what do the Missouri, Arkansas, and Red rivers 
flow ] 

228. Is Nova Scotia an island or a peninsula ? 

229. What river in Mexico rises in the Rocky mountains, 
and flows into the Gulf of Mexico ? 

230. What are the two large bays, and the three large 
gulfs of North America ] 

231. What river runs from the north end of Lake Winni- 
peg into Hudson's bay ] 

232. What large island east of the Gulf of St. Lawrence] 

233. Which side of Hudson's bay are New North Wales 
and New South Wales ] 

234. What country of New Britain, or British America, is 
east of Hudson's bay ] 

235. In what part of North America is British America ; 

. and what does it contain ? 

Ansiver. British America is in the northern part of North America, 
and it comprehends all the north part excepting Greenland and the 
Russian Possessions. It comprises the four provinces of Upper Canada, 
Lower Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, with the adjacent islands, 
Newfoundland, Cape Breton, and Prince Edward island, and the exten- 
sive region of New Britain. 

236. Does Lower Canada lie on one or both sides of the 
river St. Lawrence ] 

237. What bay lies between Nova Scotia and New Bruns- 
wick 1 

238. In what direction from Newfoundland is the Great 
or Grand Bank, remarkable for the cod fishery ] 

239. In what direction from the United States are the Ber- 
muda islands ] 

240. What islands south of the Bermuda islands ] 

241. In what part of North America are the United States ^ 
{See anstoer to question 10.) 



16 GEOGRAPHICAL aUESTIONS. 

242. What lies north, south, east, and west of the United 
States ? 

243. On what waters is the coast of Mexico ? 

Answer. The eastern coast is on the Gulf of Mexico ; the western is 
on the Pacific ocean. 

244. What is the capital of each of the following coun- 
tries ] 

[Note. The capital of a country is its chief city, or seat of g-ovemtnent. The capitol 
is the building in which the legislature assembles .J 

Capital. 

245. The United States ? Washington. 

246. Mexico? Mexico. 

247. Guatemala? Guatemala. 

248. British America ? Montreal. 

249. What are the principal rivers of British America, and 
into what do they flow ] 

Answer. Mackenzie's, Nelson, Saskashawan, Severn, Albany, St. Law- 
rence, and Ottawa. 

250. What are the largest lakes in British America ? 

Answer. The largest lakes in British America are Winnipeg, Slave, 
Athapescow, Great Bear, aftd Superior, Huron, Erie, and Ontario. Of 
the last four, one half belongs to British America, and one half to the 
United States. 

251. What Indians inhabit Bi'itish America 1 

Answer. The Esquimaux and Knistenaux. 

252. What is known of the Russian Possessions in North 
America ? 

Afiswer. But little is known of the Russian Possessions in North 
America. The principal place in the Russian Possessions is New Arch- 
angel. 

253. How is each of the following countries bounded 1 

254. United States ? 256. Guatemala? 258. The Russian Pos- 

255. Mexico ? 257. British America ? sessions ? 

MAP OF THE UNITED STATES. 

259. Of how many States and Territories do the United 
States consist t 

Answer. Twenty-eight States, four Territories, and one division called 
a District. 

260. How are the twenty-eight States divided '?* 

Answer. Into four divisions, namely, the Eastern, the Middle, the 
Southern, and the Western. 

261. Which of these is called New England 1 

Answer. The Eastern States. 

* Some Geographers divide the United States, by their climate and productions, into 
two great divisions ; namely, the grain States, lying north of 36i degrees of north lati- 
tude ; and the cotton States, lying south of that line. Maryland and Virginia are classed 
with the grain States ; although they properly belong to the southern division. 



GEOGRAPHICAL aUESTIONS. 17 

262. How many States are there in the division called the 
Eastern States, or New England, and what are their 
names ? 

Answer. Six, namely, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachu- 
setts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. 

263. What are the Middle States ] 

Answer. Four, namely. New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and 
Delaware. 

264. What are the Southern States 1 

Answer. Ten, namely, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Car- 
olina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Florida. 

265. What are the Western States ] 

Answer. Eight, namely, Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, Michigan, In- 
diana, Illinois, Missouri, and Texas. 

266. What are the Territories ] 

Answer. Four, namely, Wisconsin, Iowa,* Western or Indian, and 
Oregon. 

267. What District is there, and to which division does it 
properly belong ] 

Answer. The District of Columbia, which, being composed of what 
was formerly a part of the States of Maryland and Virginia, belongs, 
with them, to the Southern division. 

268. What is meant by the seat of government of a State 
or country ? 

Answer. The town or city where the government or legislature assem- 
bles to make the laws. {See note to question 244.) 

Bound each of the States in the following list, and tell 
the seat of government of each, together with the river on 
which it is situated. 

[Note. The name of the capital, or seat of government, of every State or country, is 
usually printed, on all maps, in capital letters.] 

State. Seat of Government. River, etc. 



269. Maine? Augusta. 


Kennebec. 


270. New Hampshire ? Concord. 


Merrimac. 


271. Vermont? Montpelier. 


Onion. 


272. Massachusetts? Boston. 


Charles. 


273. Rhode lsland?t | Sr;!,r^• 


Providence on Narraganset bay. 
On the island of Rhode Island. 


274. ConnecticutTJ ISe'w Haven. 


Connecticut. 

On a bay of Long Island sound. 


275. New York ? Albany. 


Hudson. 


276. New Jersey ? Trenton. 


Delaware. 


277. Pennsylvania? Harrisburg. 


Susquehanna. 


* Wisconsin and Iowa will probably soon 


be admitted into the Union as independent 



States. 

t The legislature of Rhode Island meets at four different places, and therefore Rhode 
Island has four capitals, viz., Providence, Newport, East Greenwich, and South Kings- 
ton. 

t The legislature of Connecticut meets at two different places, and therefore Con- 
necticut has two capitals. The other States have but one capital, because their re- 
Bpective legislatures always meet at the same place. 



18 



GEOGRAPHICAL aUESTIONS. 



State. 

278. Delaware? 

279. Maryland? 

280. Virginia? 

281. North Carolina? 

282. South Carolina ? 

283. Georgia? 

284. Alabama? 

285. Mississippi? 

286. Louisiana? 

287. Arkansas? 

288. Tennessee? 

289. Kentucky? 

290. Ohio? 

291. Michigan? 

292. Indiana? 

293. Illinois? 

294. Missouri? 

295. Florida? 

296. Texas? 

297. Wisconsin? 

298. Iowa? 



River, etc. 
Delaware bay, 
Chesapeake bay, 
James. 
Neuse. 
Congaree. 
Oconee. 
Black Warrior. 
Pearl. 
Mississippi. 
Arkansas. 
Cumberland. 
Kentucky. 
Scioto. 
Detroit. 

White. [the Illinois. 

Sangamon, a branch of 
Missouri. 

North of Apalachee bay. 
Brazos, 
Rock. 
Iowa. 



Seat of Government. 

Dover. 

Annapolis. 

Richmond. 

Raleigh. , 

Columbia. 

Milledgeville. 

Tuscaloosa. 

Jackson. 

New Orleans. 

Little Rock, 

Nashville. 

Frankfort. 

Columbus. 

Detroit. 

Indianapolis. 

Springfield. 

Jefferson. 

Tallahassee. 

Austin. 

Madison. 

Iowa city. 

299. What are the two great ranges of mountains in the 
United States ] 

Answer. The Rocky mountains in the west, and the Alleghany moun- 
tains in the east. 

300. What is the extent of the Alleghany mountains 1 
Answer. From New York to the State of Alabama, in a southwest 

direction. 

301. What two lakes lie wholly within the United States 1 

Answer. Michigan and Champlain. 

302. Where do the rivers of the United States and the 
United States' Territories flow 1 

Answer. The rivers in the United States that rise on the eastern side 
of the Alleghany mountains flow into the Atlantic ocean. The rivers 
on the west of the Rocky mountains flow into the Pacific ocean. The 
rivers between the Alleghany and the Rocky mountains flow generally 
into the Gulf of Mexico. 

303. How do you know generally what is the highest part 
of a country ] 

Ajiswer. As all rivers run downward toward the sea or ocean, the 
highest parts of a country may generally be found by tracing a river 
upward to its source. 

304. What four large lakes lie one half in the United 
States, and one half in Upper Canada 1 

[For the answer, see tlie map, and recollect what is stated about the dotted lines, in 
the note under question 218. See also answer to question 250.] 

305. What large one neai' these four lakes lies wholly 
within the United States 1 

306. In what direction does the St, John's river in Florida 
run 1 



GEOGRAPHICAL UUESTIONS. 19 

307. In what direction do most of the other rivers flow 
into the Atlantic ? 

308. What are the twenty-six rivers which flow into the 

Atlantic ocean from the east shores of the United States 1 

ATiswer. The Penobscot, Kennebec, Saco, Androscoggin, Merrimac, 
Connecticut, Hudson, Delaware, Susquehanna, Potomac, Rappahannoc, 
York, James, Chowan, Roanoke, Pamlico, Neuse, Cape Fear, Santee, 
Edisto, Cambahee, Savannah, Ogeechee, Altamaha, St. Mary's, and St. 
John's. 

309. What is a coast 1 

Answer. Land bordering on the water is called a coast. 

310. In what direction does the coast of the United States, 
from Maine to Florida, run 1 

311. Where has the United States the greatest extent of 
sea-coast, on the Atlantic ocean, the Pacific ocean, or the 
Gulf of Mexico ] 

312. What State lies farthest to the north and east 1 

313. What State lies farthest to the southwest ] 

314. What State hes west of Maine 1 

315. What States east of Pennsylvania 1 

316. What States south of Massachusetts ] 

317. What State east of Maryland 1 

318. What three States south of Tennessee 1 

319. What States lie west of the Mississippi river 1 

320. What three States north of the Ohio river ] 

321. What two States south of the Ohio 1 

322. Between what two States, and through what two 
States, does the Connecticut river run, and into what 
does it flow ] 

323. In what State does the Hudson pursue its course 1 

324. What two States does the Hudson separate, before it 
reaches the Atlantic ] 

325. Between what States does the Delaware river flow 1 

326. What two States does the Delaware river separate, 
just before its entrance into Delaware bay ? 

327. What two States are separated by the Potomac river ] 

328. What two States are separated by the Savannah river ] 

329. What States are partly separated by the Apalachi- 
cola ? 

330. Through what State does the Alabama flow 1 

331. Through what State does the Pearl river flow ? 

332. Through what State does the Mississippi flow, before 
it enters the Gulf of Mexico 1 



20 GEOGRAPHICAL aUESTIONS. 

333. What four States border on the eastern side of the 
Mississippi river? 

334. What three States lie wholly on the western side of 
the Mississippi ] 

335. Through what State does the Missouri flow ] 

336. What States are separated, in part, by the Wabash "? 

337. What three capes on the east and south of Massachu- 
setts 1 

338. What two capes east of Delaware ] 

339. What two capes east of Virginia 1 

[Note. A small part of the State of Virginia lies east of Chesapeake bay, and ap- 
pears to be a part of the State of Maryland. It is in the form of a peninsula, and is 
called the Eastern Shore of Virginia.] 

340. What three capes on the coast of North Carolina '? 

341. What cape is the southern extremity of Florida 1 

342. Where is there another cape of the same name 1 
{See Nova Scotia.) 

343. Is the Mississippi or the Missouri the longer from their 
source to the place where they unite ? 

344. At what place do they unite 1 

345. Between what States is Delaware bay ] 

346. What State is divided by Chesapeake bay ] 

347. What river flows into Delaware bay 1 

348. What river runs into the northern part of Chesapeake 
bay? 

349. What canal connects the Hudson river with Lake 
Erie? 

350. What canal connects the Hudson with Lake Cham- 
plain ? 

351. What is a canal 1 

Answer. A canal is an artificial course of water, constructed for the 

purpose of facilitating intercourse between two places. 

[Note. The locks on a canal are large basins or reservoirs, furnished with gates, by 

which the water may run in at one end, and run out at the other, and thus the basin 

be filled or emptied at pleasure. By this means, large boats may ascend and descend, 

and avoid the inconveniences of water- falls and rapids.] 

352. Into what bay does the St. Croix river run, which 
divides the State of Maine, in part, from the province of 
New Brunswick 1 

353. By what lakes is the State of Michigan surrounded, 
on the north, east, and west ? 

354. What lake divides New York from Vermont on the 
northeast 1 

355. What lake in Louisiana, near the city of New Orleans 1 



GEOGRAPHICAL aUESTIONS. 21 

356. On what river is the city of Richmond, in Virginia 1 

357. Near what water is Norfolk ] 

358. What is the capital of the United States '? 

Ansiver. Washington ; situated in the District of Columbia, on the 
east side of the Potomac river. 

359. What other town is included in the District of Co- 
lumbia ] 

Answer. Georgetown. 

360. What are the six largest cities in the United States 1 
A7iswer. New York, in the State of New York; Philadelphia, in 

Pennsylvania ; Baltimore, in Maryland ; Boston, in .Massachusetts ; New 
Orleans, in Louisiana ; Cincinnati, in Ohio.* 

361. What two rivers unite at Pittsburg, in Pennsylvania, 
and form the Ohio river ] 

362. What is the course by water from Pittsburg to New 

Orleans ] 

A7iswer. Southwesterly, down the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. 

363. What railroads lead from the city of Boston ] 
Answer. The Providence, leading to Providence ; the Worcester and 

Western, leading to Worcester, and Hudson, on the Hudson river; the 
Lowell, leading to Lowell and Nashua ; the Eastern, leading to Port- 
land ; the Mame Extension, leading through the country to Portland ; 
and the Old Colony, leading to Plymouth. 

364. What is the usual course in traveling from New York 
to Boston, or from Boston to New York 1 

Answer. There are four, namely : — 

1. From New York, by steamboat, through the East river and Long 
Island sound to the Thames river, up the Thames river to Allyn's point, 
in Norwich, thence by the Norwich and Worcester railroad to Worces- 
ter, and thence by the Boston and Worcester railroad to Boston. [/;i 
going from Boston to New York, the courses must be reversed.] 

2. I'rom New York, by steamboat, through the East river and Long 
Island sound to Stonington or Providence, and thence by the Providence 
railroad to Boston. 

3. From New York to Brooklyn, thence by the Long Island railroad 
to Greenport, from Greenport across Long Island sound, by steamboat, 
to Stonington or to Norwich, and thence from Norwich or Stonington 
by railroad to Boston. 

4. From New York, by steamboat, up the Hudson or North river to 
Albany, and from Albany, by railroad, to Boston. 

* The city of New York is frequently called " The Commercial Emporium'' of the 
United States, because it has more commerce than any other city in the U. S. 

Boston is called " The Literary Emporium'" of the United States, because its vicin- 
ity to Harvard University makes it the resort of literary men. 

Philadelphia is called " The City of Brotherly Love," because that is the meaning 
of the Greek word Philadelphia. 

Baltimore is called " The Monumental City," from the splendid monument erected 
there to the memory of Washington. 

New Orleans is called " The Crescent City," from its shape, which is in the form of 
a crescent. 

Cmcinnati is called " The Queen of the West," because it was the most flounshing 
city of the Western States. 

Raleigh, in North Carolina, is sometimes called " TTie City of the Oaks." 

Washington, D. C, " The City of Magnificent Distances," etc. 



22 GEOGRAPHICAL aUESTIONS. 

365. Which of these courses is most by land, and which is 
most by water 1 

366. What is the course from New York to Philadelphia 1 

Answer. From New York across the Hudson or North river, by steam- 
boat, to Jersey City, and from Jersey City by the New Jersey, Trenton, 
and Philadelphia railroad, to Philadelphia. 

367. From Boston to New York, wholly by water 1 

368. From New York to Philadelphia, wholly by water 1 

369. From Philadelphia to Baltimore, wholly by water; 
and the same course wholly by land ? 

370. On what two rivers is Philadelphia ? 

371. What river of Virginia flows into Chesapeake bay near 
Norfolk ] 

372. What is the largest State in extent of territory 1 

373. What are the two smallest States 1 

374. What State has the greatest extent of sea-coast 1 

375. What is the largest and most important town in South 
Carolina ] 

Answer. Charleston, situated at the confluence of Cooper and Ashley 
rivers. 

376. What is the largest town in Georgia "i 

Answer. Savannah, on the Savannah river. 

377. In what part of Florida is Pensacola, which contains 
a United States navy -yard 1 

378. What is the largest town of Alabama 1 

Answer. Mobile. ' 

379. In what State, and on what river, is Natchez 1 

380. What city in the United States has the longest line of 
communication with the interior of the country by means 
of navigable rivers 1 

Answer. New Orleans ; which, by means of the Mississippi river and 
its branches, has nearly twenty thousand miles of steamboat navigation. 

381. What are the three principal rivers by which New 
Orleans is connected with the interior of the other States ] 

Answer. Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio. 

382. What two other large rivers flow into the Mississippi, 
from the southwest ] 

PRINCIPAL TOWNS IN THE UNITED STATES. 

[The following list presents the names of the principal cities and towns in each of 
the United States. It is recommended that the pupil be reqiiired to find such as are 
laid down on his maps ; and the teacher may at his discretion require on what river or 
water, and in what part of the State, each are situated ; or he may name the places 
promiscuously, and require him to tell only what State any particular town or city 
is in,] 

(The capitals are in small capitals. The large towns in large capitals.) 

Maine.— Augusta, PORTLAND, Bangor, Eastport, Calais, Belfast, 
Orono, Thomaston, Bath, Hallowell, Brunswick, Saco. 



GEOGRAPHICAL aUESTIONS. 23 

New Hampshire.— Concord, PORTSMOUTH, Dover, Nashua, Clare- 
mont, Keene, Walpole, Exeter, Hanover. 

Vermont. — Montpelier, WINDSOR, Woodstock, Burlington, Benning- 
ton, Brattleborough, Rutland. 

Massachusetts. — BOSTON, Lowell, Salem, Newburyport, Worcester, 
Marblehead, Gloucester, Nantucket, Plymouth, Springfield, Northampton, 
Fall River, Taunton, Waltham, Lynn, Charlestown, Cambridge, Lexington, 
Concord, Newton, Amherst, Williamstown. 

Rhode Island. — PROVIDENCE, Newport, East Greenwich, South 
Kingston, Bristol, Warren, Pawtucket. 

Connecticut. — Hartford, New Haven, New London, Middletown, 
Norwich, Bridgeport, Stafford, Litchfield, Danbury, Fairfield, Norwalk, 
East Windsor. 

New York.— Albany, NEW YORK, Brooklyn, Newburgh, Catskill, 
Poughkeepsie, Hudson, Troy, Buffalo, Lockport, Rochester, Utica, Syra- 
cuse, Schenectady, Ithaca, Geneva, Auburn, Canandaigua, Oswego, Ogdens- 
burg, Sackett's Harbor, Plattsburg, Saratoga, Ticonderoga, Crown Point, 
Rochester, West Point. 

New Jersey. — Trenton, NEWARK, New Brunswick, Patterson, Eliza- 
bethtown, Princeton, Monmouth. 

Pennsylvania. — Harrisburg, PHILADELPHIA, Pittsburg, Lancaster, 
Easton, Reading, Pottsville, Wilkesbarre, York, Carlisle, Washington, 
Erie, Meadville, Germantown. 

Delaware. — Dover, WILMINGTON, Newcastle, Lewistown, Newark. 

Maryland. — Annapolis, BALTIMORE, Fredericktown, Hagerstown, 
Cumberland, Emmetsburg. 

District of Columbia. — Washington (capital of the United States), 
Georgetown. 

Virginia. — Richmond, Norfolk, Gosport, Petersburg, Lynchburg, Fred- 
ericksburg, Wheeling, Williamsburg, Yorktown, Mount Vernon, Harper's 
Ferry, Monticello, Alexandria. 

North Carolina. — Raleigh, Wilmington, Newbern, Edenton, Fayette- 
ville, Washington, Halifax, Charlotte. 

South Carolina.— Columbia, CHARLESTON, Camden, Beaufort, 
Georgetown, Hamburg, Cheraw, Eutaw Springs, Cowpens. 

Georgia. — Milledgeville, Savannah, Augusta, Macon, Columbus. 

Florida. — Tallahassee, Pensacola, St. Augustine, Apalachicola, St. 
Joseph's, the small island. Key West. 

Alabama. — Tuscaloosa, Mobile, Montgomery, Wetumpka, Florence, 
Huntsville. 

Mississippi. — Jackson, Natchez, Vicksburg. 

Louisiana, — NEW ORLEANS, Baton Rouge, Alexandria, Natchi- 
toches. 

Arkansas. — Little Rock. 

Tennessee. — NASHVILLE, Knoxville, Murfreesborough, Memphis, Co- 
lumbia. Franklin. 

Kentucky. — Frankfort, Louisville, Lexington, Maysville, 

Ohio.— Columbus, CINCINNATI, Dayton, Chilicothe, Zanesville, Steu- 
benville, Cleveland, Huron, Sandusky, Marietta. 

Michigan. — Detroit, Michilimackinac, or Mackinaw, Monroe. 

Indiana.— Indianapolis, Vincennes, Madison, New Albany, Michigan 
City. 

llhnois. — Springfield, Vandalia, Chicago, Alton, Galena. 

Missouri.— Jefferson, St. Louis. 

Texas. — Austin, Galveston, Houston, Velasco, San Antonio de Bexar. 

Wisconsin. — Madison, Milwaukie, Green Bay, Prairie du Chien. 

Iowa. — Burlington, Dubuque, 

Oregon. — Astoria. 



24 



GEOGRAPHICAL aUESTIONS. 



[The following- list presents the names of the principal towns on the principal rivers 
of the United States. The pupil may be required to find such as are on his map, and 
then to tell what State and on what river any particular town or city is in.] 

Penobscot River, in Maine. Orono, Bangor, Belfast. 

Kennebec River. Norridgewock, Augusta, Hallowell, Gardiner, Bath. 

Saco River. Fryeburg, Mollis, Saco. 

Merrimac River. Lowell, Haverhill, Newburyport. 

Connecticut River. Haverhill, Hanover, Charlestown, Claremont, and 
■Walpole, in New Hampshire ; Norwich, Windsor, and Brattleboro', in Ver- 
mont ; Greenfield, Northampton, and Springfield, in Massachusetts ; Hart- 
ford, Middletown, and Saybrook, in Connecticut. 

Hudson or North River. Albany, Troy, Hudson, Catskill, Poughkeepsie, 
Newburgh, West Point, and New York. 

Delaware River. Easton and Philadelphia, in Pennsylvania, Trenton in 
New Jersey. 

Susquehanna River. Wyoming, Wilkesbarre, and Harrisburg. 

Potomac River. Georgetown, Washington, and Alexandria. 

Rappahannoc River. Fredericksburg, Va. 

York River. Yorktown, Va. 

James River. Richmond, Va. 

Neuse River. Raleigh and Newbern, N. C. 

Cape Fear River. Fayetteville and Wilmington. 

Savannah River. Augusta and Savannah, Ga. 

Ohio River. Cincinnati, Portsmouth, O. ; Marietta, Wheeling, Vevay, 
Madison, Maysville, and Louisville. 

Wahash River. Vincenne's. 

Mississippi River. Burhngton, I. ; Alton, St. Louis, St. Genevieve, Mem- 
phis, Vicksburg, Natchez, Baton Rouge, and New Orleans. 

Missouri River. Jefferson and St. Charles. 

Arkansas River. Dwight and Little Rock. 

Red River. Natchitoches and Alexandria. 

St. John^s River, in Florida. Jacksonville and Volusia. 

Brazos River, in Texas. Brazoria and Velasco. 

Colorado River, in Texas. Austin, Bastrop, and Matagorda. 



TOWNS, ETC., IN THE UNITED STATES. 
383. In what State is each of the following places? 



384. Bangor? 

385. Belfast? 

386. Eastport? 

387. Augusta? 

388. Hallowell? 

389. Bath? 

390. Portland? 
39L Hartford? 

392. New Haven ? 

393. New London ? 

394. Portsmouth? 

395. Concord? 

396. Exeter? 

397. Newburyport? 

398. Salem? 

399. Newark? 

400. Trenton? 

401. Dover? 

402. Easton? 



403. Lowell? 

404. Worcester? 

405. Springfield? 

406. Northampton? 

407. Providence? 

408. Newport? 

409. East Greenwich ? 

410. South Kingston? 
41L Boston? 

412. Plymouth? 

413. Montpelier? 

414. Windsor? 

415. Rutland? 

416. Burlington? 

417. Bennington? 

418. Plattsburg? 

419. Ticonderoga? 

420. Utica? 

421. New York? 



422. Albany ? 

423. Troy? 

424. Hudson? 

425. Poughkeepsie? 

426. Buffalo? 

427. Ithaca? 

428. Rochester? 

429. Harrisburg? 

430. Philadelphia? 

431. Lancaster? 

432. Reading? 

433. Pittsburg? 

434. Baltimore? 

435. Annapolis? 

436. Richmond? 

437. Williamsburg 

438. Petersburg? 

439. Lynchburg? 

440. Norfolk? 







GEOGRAPHICAL aUESTIONS 


'• 


441. 


Raleigh ? 


465. 


Baton Rouge ? 


489. 


Zanesville ? 


442. 


Newbern? 


466. 


Donaldsonville ? 


490. 


Columbus ? 


443. 


Fayetteville ? 


467. 


New Orleans ? 


491. 


Chilicothe ? 


444. 


Columbia ? 


468. 


Opelousas ? 


492. 


Dayton ? 


445. 


Georgetown ? 


469. 


Natchitoches? 


493. 


Cincinnati ? 


446. 


Charleston ? 


470. 


Little Rock ? 


494. 


Cleveland ? 


447. 


Beaufort ? 


471. 


Dwight ? 


495. 


Frankfort ? 


448. 


MiUedgeviUe ? 


472. 


Jefferson ? 


496. 


Louisville ? 


449. 


Augusta ? 


473. 


St. Louis? 


497. 


Lexington ? 


450. 


Macon ? 


474. 


Potosi ? 


498. 


Maysville ? 


451. 


Darien ? 


475. 


St. Charles ? 


499. 


Nashville ? 


452. 


Tallahassee ? 


476. 


St. Genevieve ? 


500. 


Memphis ? 


453. 


St. Augustine? 


477. 


Detroit ? 


501. 


Shelbyville ? 


454. 


Pensacola ? 


478. 


Springfield? la. 


502. 


Washington ? 


455. 


St. Marks? 


479. 


Alton ? 


503. 


Georgetown ? 


456. 


Cahawba ? 


480. 


Vandalia ? 


504. 


Alexandria? 


457. 


Mobile ? 


481. 


Kaskaskia ? 


505. 


Jacksonville ? 


458. 


Blakeley ? 


482. 


Cahokia ? 


506. 


Galveston ? 


459. 


Tuscaloosa ? 


483. 


Chicago ? 


507. 


Austin ? 


460. 


Huntsville ? 


484. 


Jacksonville ? 


508. 


Matagorda ? 


461. 


Natchez ? 


485. 


Edwardsville ? 


509. 


Brazoria ? 


462. 


Vicksburg ? 


486. 


Indianapolis ? 


510. 


San Antonio de 


463. 


Monticello ? 


487. 


Vlncennes ? 




Bexar ? 


464. 


Jackson ? 


488. 


Vevay ? 







25 



RIVERS IN THE UNITED STATES. 



the following rivers, and 



In what State or States is each of 
into what do they flow 1 

[iVoie. The teacher who is fond of the miuutiiE of the science may also require the 
principal towns on each river.] 



511. La Moile? 


522. Wateree? 


534. Muskingum? 


512. Onion? 


523. Oconee? 


535. Hockhocking ? 


513. Mohawk? 


524. Ockmulgee? 


536. Scioto? 


514. Genesee? 


525. Coosa? 


537. Miami? 


515. Juniata? 


526. Tombeckbee? 


538. Wabash ? 


516. Appomattox? 


527. Yazoo? 


539. Coppermine? 


517. Great and Little 


528. Red? 


540. Kansas? 


Kenhawa? 


529. St. Francis ? 


541. La Platte? 


518. Great Sandy? 


530. Cumberland? 


542. Yellow Stone ? 


519. Yadkin? 


531. Illinois? 


543. Sabine? 


520. Holston? 


532. Kaskaskias? 


544. St. Mary's f 


521. Tennessee? 


533. Hudson? 


545. Delaware? 


MAP OF NEW ENGLAND, OR 


THE EASTERN 




STATES. 





[Most of the questions on the maps of New England and the Middle States may be 
answered from the map of the United States.] 

546. What are the six New England States ] 

547. What lake is the source of the Kennebec river? 

548. What lake in Maine borders on New Hampshire 1 

549. What lake is near the southwest corner of New Hamp- 
shire / 

B 



26 GEOGRAPHICAL aUESTIONS. 

550. What lake in the interior of New Hampshire 1 

551. What lake in Vermont borders on New York ] 

552. What lake south of Lake Champlaui ? 

553. What bay east of Massachusetts, and what two capes 
inclose it ] 

554. What bay south of Massachusetts bay 1 

555. What bay southwest of Barnstable bay 1 

556. What bay west of Buzzard's bay 1 

557. Of what ocean are these bays a part 1 

558. What is a bay '? (See question 21.) 

559. On what river is Boston ] 
Answer. The Charles. 

560. In what States are the following rivers, and into what 
do they flow ] 

561. Androscoggin? 565. Taunton? 569. Thames? 



^OD 



562. Saco? 566. Chickapee? 570. Farmington? 

563. Merrimac? 567. Deerfield? 571. Housatonic ? 

564. Nashua ? 568. Fall River ? 572. Otter Creek ? 

573. What mountains in New Hampshire 1 

574. What molintains in Vermont, and through what other 
States do they extend ] 

575. In v/hat State, and near what town, is each of the fol- 
lowing mountains 1 

576. Ascutney ? 578. Wachuset ? 

577. Mount Holyoke? 579. Mount Tom? 

580. What island south and southeast of Buzzard's bay? 
581.- What islands in Narraganset bay? 

582. What water south of Connecticut ? 

583. In what direction is each of the following places from 
Boston ] 

[Note. Any other place may be substituted for Boston, should these questions be 
used in any otiier town.] 

584. Concord? 596. Gloucester? 608. Bennington? 

585. Worcester? 597. Salem? 609. Brattleborough ? 

586. Dedham? 598. Providence? 610. Keene? 

587. Greenfield? 599. New London ? 611. Augusta? 

588. Springfield? 000. Norwich? Ct. 612. New Bedford? 

589. Lenox? 601. Hartford? 613. Taunton? 

590. Hingham? 602. Portsmouth? 614. Burlington? 

591. Plymouth? 603. Haverhill? N. H. 615. St. Albans? 

592. Barnstable? 604. Concord? «' 616. Nashua? 

593. Sandwich? 605. Castine ? 617. Windsor? Vt. 

594. Wellfleet? 606. Belfast? 618. Norwich ^ '« 

595. Newburyport? 607. Bangor? 

619. What two States north of Massachusetts'? 



GEOGRAPHICAL aUESTIONS. 27 

620. What two States south of Massachusetts 1 

621. Has Vermont any sea-coast 1 

622. On what peninsula are Provincetown, Wellfleet, Or- 
leans, Chatham, and Barnstable 1 

623. On what rivers are the following places 1 

624. Northampton? C29. Portsmouth? C34. Augusta? 

C25. Haverhill ? 630. Concord ? N. H. 635. Brattleborough ! 

G26. Newburyport? 631. Concord? Mass. 636. Windsor? 

827. Springfield? 632. Bath? 637. Middlebury? 

628. Dover? 633. Hallovvell ? 638. Norwich? Vt. & Ct. 

639. In what part of Massachusetts, and near what large 

city or town, are the following places ] 

040. Ipswich? 645. Brighton? 650. Dedham? 

e4l. Nahant? 646. Cambridge? 651. Lynn? 

i'i'A. Groton? 647. Duxbury ? 652. Charlestown ? 

e<3. Lexington? 648. Sandwich? 653. Lenox? 

eu. Dorchester? 649. Falmouth? 654. Stockbridge ? 

MAP OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 

\555. Has Pennsylvania any sea-coast 1 

656. On what lakes and river does New York border 1 

657. On what lake does Pennsylvania border] 

658. What small lakes in the western part of New 
York ] 

•^SQ. What two rivers are connected by the Morris ca- 
nal] 

060. What river and canal connect the city of New York 
with Lake Erie ? 

Answer. The Hudson or North river and the Erie canal. 

661. With what are the Hudson river and the Erie canal 
connected on the north, and on the south ] 

Ansiver. On the north with Lakes Champlain and Ontario; — on the 
south with the Delaware, Susquehanna and Alleghany rivers. 

662. By what mountains is the State of Nev/ York tra- 
versed ] 

Answer. By the Highland, Catskill, and Mohegan ranges. 

063. What large island forms part of the State of New 
York at its southeastern extremity 1 
Answer. Long Island. 

664. What water between Long Island and Connecti- 
cut] 

665. What is the nrincipal brancii of tlie Hudson or North 
jivcr ] 



28 GEOGRAPHICAL aUESTIONS. 

666. What is the name of the passage of water between 
Lakes Erie and Ontario 1 

667. Do the Falls of Niagara proceed from Lake Erie to 
Lake Ontario, or from Lake Ontario to Lake Erie 1 

668. What river is the outlet of Lake Ontario ] 

669. What two great canals in the State of New York ? 

670. How far is the Hudson river navigable for steam- 
boats ? 

Answer. To Troy, a little above Albany. 

671. What large island in Niagara river above Niagara 
falls ? 

Answer. Grand Island. 

672. What island between Long Island and the Jersey- 
shore ? 

Answer. Staten Island. 

673. What railroads are there in the State of New 
York 1 

Answer. The New York and Erie railroad. The line from New York, 
through Albany, to Buffalo. The Schenectady and Saratoga railroad. 
The Hudson and Berkshire railroad. The Oswego and Ithaca railroad, 
and the Long Island railroad. 

674. What harbor on Lake Ontario near the mouth of 
Black river 1 

675. What town on Lake Ontario at the mouth of Oswego 
river and canal 1 

676. What large town on Long Island opposite to New 
York city % 

677. In what respect does New York surpass all the other 

States in the union % 

Answer. New York surpasses all the other States in population, in 
commerce, and works of internal improvement. 

678. What is the most valuable natural advantage of the 

State of New York ? 

Answer. The most valuable natural advantage of the State of New 
Vork is the Hudson or North river, which affords a convenient commu- 
nication between the city of New York and the large towns on its banks, 
and on the banks of its branches. 

679. How has this natural advantage been greatly increased 
by art % 

Answer. By the Champlain and Erie canals, which have connected 
the northern and western parts of the State with the Hudson river. 

680. What two States are separated by the Hudson river, 
iust before its entrance into the Atlantic? 



ueo<jrai'jh(;al uuestions. 29 

681. Into what do the following rivers flow 1 

682. Oswego? 685, Monongahela ? 688. Delaware? 

683. Genesee? 686. Juniata? 689. Hudson? 

684. Alleghany? 687. Schuylkill? 690. Susquehanna? 

691. What three States east of New York 1 

692. In what State, and on what waters, are the following 
places ? 

693. Plattsburg? 702.. Newburgh? 711. Wilmington? 

694. Sackett's Harbor ? 703. West Point? 712. Trenton? 

695. Oswego? 704. Rochester? 713. Burlington ? N. J. 

696. Buffalo? 705. New York? 714. Baltimore? 

697. Rome? 706. Ithaca? 715. Annapolis? 
098. Utica? 707. Pittsburg? 710. Washington? 

699. Ticonderoga? 708. Philadelphia? 717. Alexandria? 

700. Schenectady? 709. Harrisburg? 718. Georgetown? 

701. Hudson? 710. Wyoming? 719. Wheeling? 

720. What States are called the Middle States ? (See 
question 263.) 

721. What two large cities in the Middle States'? {See 
question 360.) 



MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA. 

722. Is South America a large island or a peninsula ? 

723. What isthmus connects it with North America ? 
Answer. The isthmus of Darien. 

724. What countries are in South America 1 [See question 
11.) 

725. What are the north, east, south, and west capes of 
South America 1 

726. What sea on the north of South America ? 

727. What appears from the map to be the most striking 
natural feature of South America 1 

Answer. The mountains running through the whole western side. 

728. What chain of mountains extends through the wes- 
tern side of South America 1 

729. What are the three great rivers of South America ? 

Answer. The Amazon, the largest river in the world, the La Plata, 
and the Oronoco. 

730. Through what country and into what ocean does 
each of these rivers flow 1 

731. Of what large river are the Parana, the Paraguay, 
and the Pilcomayo branches 1 

732. What city near the mouth of the Rio de la Plata 1 



30 GEOGRAPHICAL aUESTIONS. 

733. What islands nortlieast of Terra del Fuego 1 

734. What strait separates Terra del Fuego from Patago- 
nia ] 

735. What island south of Chili 1 

736. What island west of Chili, noted as the residence of 
Alexander Selkirk, or Robinson Crusoe ] 

737. What island north of Juan Fernandez J 

738. Have the United Provinces any sea-coast on the Pa- 
cific ocean 1 

739. What countries border on the Pacific, betw^een Chili 
and Peru 1 

740. What country between New Grenada and Peru 1 

741. What country between New Grenada and Guiana ? 
Bound each of the following countries, and mention the 

capital or seat of government of each, with the river or 
water on which it is situated 

Countries. Capital, or Principa:! Towns. 

742. New Grenada?* / Santa Fe de Bogota. 

743. Venezuela?* Caraccas. 

744. Ecuador?* Quito. 

745. English Guiana ? Stabroek. 

746. Dutch Guiana ? Paramaribo. 

747. French Guiana ? Cayenne {pronounced Kian). 

748. United Provinces ? [public.) 

(formerly called the Argentine Re- Buenos Ayres. 

749. Paraguay? Assumption. 

750. Uruguay? 

(formerly called Banda Oriental.) Monte Video, 

751. Patagonia? None. 

752. Chili? St. lago, or St. Jago. 

753. Bolivia ? La Plata, or Chuquisaca. 

754. Peru? Lima. 

755. Brazil? Rio Janeiro. 

756. What islands lie east, south, and west of Patagonia ? 

757. To what country does the isthmus of Darien, or Pa 
nam a, belong ] 

758. In what country is the river Magdalena, and into what 
does it flow ] 

759. In what country is St. Salvador, or Bahia ] 

760. In what country is Callao % 

761. In what direction does each of the following rivers 
run 1 

762. The Amazon? 764. The Oronoco ? 766. The Negro ? 

763. The La Plata? 765. The Madeira ? 

* These three countries were formerly united, and formed one country, called Co 
lombia. 



GEOGRAPHICAL aUESTIONS. 31 

■ 767. In what country, and in what part, are the following 
places 1 

7G8. Caraccas? 778. Lake Titicaca ? 788. St. Salvador? 

769. Cumana? 779. Lake Maracaybo ? 789. St. Martha ? 

770. Valparaiso? 780. La Guayra ? 790. La Paz? 

771. Pernambuco ? 781. Cayenne? 791. Villa Rica? 

772. Truxillo ? 782. Para ? 792. Villa Boa ? 

773. Carthagena? 783. Tejuco? 793. Guayaquil? 

774. Potosi? 784. Guanca Velica ? 794. Quito? 

775. Cuzco ? 785. Rio Janeiro ? 795. Lima ? 

776. Buenos Ayres? 786. Montevideo? 796. Demerara? 

777. Santiago? 787. Santa Fe de Bogota? 

797. What is the length and breadth of South America 1 
Answer. Four thousand five hundred miles in length, and three thou- 
sand two hundred miles in breadth. 

798. What is the height of the highest mountains in South 
America ] 

Answer. Twenty-five thousand feet. 

799. In what respect does South America exceed all other 
parts of the earth 1 

Answer. In the abundance of the precious metals and minerals, such 
as gold, silver, platina, mercury, diamonds. 

800. How is South America bounded ] 

801. What is a volcano 1 

Answer. A volcano is a burning mountain, or a mountain which either 
constantly or occasionally emits smoke and flame, and which sometimes 
discharges a stream of red-hot matter, called lava. 

802. In what country is Cotopaxi, the most tremendous 
volcano in the world 1 

Answer. In Ecuador. The noise of this volcano is sometimes heard 
at the distance of six hundred miles. 

Compare the maps of North and South America, and 
tell which of the two is the more indented by seas, gulfs, 
bays, &c. 

MAP OF EUROPE. 

803. How is Europe bounded ] 

Answer. Europe is bounded on the north by the Arctic ocean ; east by 
Russia, in Asia ; south by the Mediterranean sea, the Sea of Marmora, 
the Black sea, and the Sea of Azof; west by the Atlantic ocean. 

804. What separates Europe from Russia in Asia? 

805. What countries does Europe contain] [See questionl2.) 

806. What are the six principal ranges of mountains in 
Europe "? 

Answer. The principal mountains in Europe are the Alps, Pyrenees, 
Apennines, Carpathian, Dofrafield, and Ural. 

807. What two countries are separated from Italy by the 
Alps] 



32 GEOGRAPHICAL UUESTIONS. 

808. In what country are the Apennines 1 

809. In what country are the Carpathian mountains 1 

810. Between what two countries are the Dofrafield moun- 
tains 1 

811. In what country are the Ural mountains, and what 
do they separate 1 

812. What four celebrated volcanoes are there in Europe 1 

{See question 801.) 

Answer. Etna, in Sicily; Vesuvius, near the city of Naples; Strom- 
boli, on one of the Lapa'ri islands, north of Sicily; Hecla, in Iceland. 

813. What are the eight most noted capes of Europe] 

Answer. North cape, north of Norway ; the Naze, south of Norway ; 
Cape Clear, south of Ireland ; Cape Finisterre, northwest of Spain ; Cape 
Ortegal, north of Spain; Cape St. Vincent, south of Portugal; Cape 
Trafalgar, south of Spain ; Cape Matapan, south of Greece. 

81 4. What are the most important islands of Europe, and 
in what sea is each situated 1 

Answer. Great Britain, Ireland, Iceland, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, and 
Candia. {See the map, to find the seas in which they are situated.) 

815. What nine seas ''are in and around Europe '? 

Answer. The Mediterranean, Archipelago, Marmora, Black, Azof, 
North, Irish, Baltic, and White. 

816. How is the MediteiTanean sea situated ? 

Answer. The Mediterranean is situated between Europe and Africa, 
or east of Spain, and south of France, Italy, and Turkey, 

817. What name is given to the eastern part of the Medi- 
terranean ] 

Answer. The Levant. 

818. What is the meaning of the name Archipelago 1 

Answer. The term Archipelago is applied to any tract of sea contain- 
ing many islands, and especially to that part of the Mediterranean which 
lies between Asia Minor and Greece. This sea is sometimes called the 
-^gean sea. The North sea is also sometimes called the Northern Ar- 
chipelago ; and the sea south of the Chinese sea, on the map of Asia, 
the Eastern Archipelago. 

819. Between what two seas is the Sea of Marmora ] 

820. What connects the Sea of Marmora with the Black 
sea"? 

Answer. The Bosphorus, or Strait of Constantinople. 

821. What sea north of the Sea of Marmora] 

822. What sea north of the Black sea ? 

823. What sea in Asia lies east of the Black seal 

824. What sea of Europe within the territory of Russia ] 
{See north part of Russia.) 

82«5. What sea between England and Ireland 1 



GEOGRAPHICAL aUESTIONS. 33 

826. Wliat sea east of England and Scotland, and west of 
Denmark ? 

827. What two small seas connect the North sea with the 
Baltic 1 

828. What sea east of the southern part of Sweden 1 

829. What gulfs north and east of the Baltic sea 1 

830. What channel between England and France 1 

831. What strait connects the British channel with the 
North sea 1 

Answer. The Strait of Dover. 

832. What bay north of Spain, and west of France ? 

833. What channel connects the Irish sea with the Atlan- 
tic ocean 1 

834. What gulf east of the southern part of France? 

835. What does Italy resemble in its shape 1 

836. What islands north and northwest of Scotland ] 

837. What small islands in the Mediterranean, east of 
Spain ] 

838. What three large islands in the Mediterranean, south 
of Italy] 

839. What gulf southeast of Italy ] 

840. What peninsula in the north part of the Black sea 1 

841. What three lakes in Russia ] 
A7iswer. Ladoga, Onega, and Peipus. 

842. What two lakes in Sweden 1 

Afisiver. Wenner and Wetter. 

843. What two lakes in Switzerland ] 
A7iswer. Constance and Geneva. 

844. What are the three most important rivers of Eu- 



ope 



Atiswer. The Volga, Danube, and Rhine. 

845. Into what does the Volga flow 1 

Ajiswer. The Volga flows into the Caspian sea. It is connected by a 
canal with the Neva, which flows into the Baltic sea, and thus forms a 
communication between the Baltic and Caspian seas. 

846. Where does the Danube rise, and into what does it 

flow? 

Answer. The Danube rises near Lake Constance, and flows into the 
Black sea. 

847. Where does the Rhine, the most important of these 
three rivers, rise, and into what does it flow ? 

Answer. The Rhine rises in the Alps, and flows through Holland inLo 
the North sea. 



34 GEOGRAPHICAL aUESTIONS. 

848. What are the three largest gulfs of Europe ] 

Answer. The gulfs of Venice, Bothnia, and Finland. 

849. What is the only large bay '? 
Answer. The Bay of Biscay. 

850. What country in Europe extends farthest to the 
. north 1 

851. What country in Europe extends farthest to the south '{ 

852. What country in Europe extends farthest to the east 1 
853^. What country in Europe extends farthest to the west '? 

854. What countries in Europe border on the Mediterra 
nean sea ? 

855. What is the largest country in Europe ] 

Bound the following countries, and tell the capital of 
each, and the river or water, if any, on which it is situated. 



Countries. 


Capitals. 


856. Norway? 


Christiania. 


857. Sweden? 


Stockholm. 


858. Russia? 


St. Petersburg. 


859. England? 


London. 


860. Scotland? 


Edinburgh. 


861. Ireland? 


Dublin. 


862. France? 


Paris. 


863. Holland? 


Amsterdam. 


864. Belgium? 


Brussels. 


865. Denmark ? 


Copenhagen. 


866. Poland? 


Warsaw. 


867. Prussia? 


Berlin. 


868. Germany? 


Frankfort. 


869. Austria? 


Vienna. 




( Lucerne, 


870. Switzerland? 


< Zurich, 




( Berne. 


871. Portugal? 


Lisbon. 


872. Spain? 


Madrid. 


873. Italy? 


Rome.* 


874. Turkey? 


Constantinople. 


875. Greece? 


Athens. 



876. To what country does Hungary belong 1 

877. To what two countries does Lapland belong] 

878. Where is the Ionian republic 1 

Answer. The name Ionian republic, is applied to seven small isknJs 
west of Greece. Their names are Corfu, Cephalonia, Zante, St. Maura 
Ithaca, Cerigo, and Paxo. 

879. In what countries are the following places, and on 
what waters, if any, are they situated 1 

880. London? 884. St. Petersburg? 888. Perth? 
88L Paris? 885. Moscow? 889. Aberdeen? 

882. Madrid? 886. Liverpool? 890. Oporto? 

883. Lisbon? 887. Dublin? 89L Barcelona? 

* Rome is the capital of that division of Italy called the States of the Church. 



GEOGRAPHICAL aUESTIONS. 



35 



892. Cape St. Vincent? 

893. Cape Trafalgar? 

894. Belfast? 

895. Corunna? 

896. Bordeaux? 

897. Poitiers? 

898. Nantes? 

899. Malaga? 

900. Granada? 

901. Rome? 

902. Florence? 

903. Venice? 

904. Milan? 

905. Berne? 

906. Havre? 

907. Calais? 

908. Dover? 

909. Bristol? 

910. Drontheim? 

911. Bergen? 



912. Christiania? 

913. Elsinore? 

914. Copenhagen': 

915. Hamburg? 
910. Berlin? 

917. Cologne? 

918. Brussels? 

919. Frankfort? 

920. Stuttgard? 

921. Lyons? 

922. Marseilles? 

923. Toulouse? 

924. Athens? 

925. Corinth? 

926. Palermo? 

927. Ajaccio? 

928. Vienna? 

929. Buda? 

930. Naples? 

931. Archangel? 



932. Smolensk? 

933. Tver? 

934. Kazan? 

935. Cherson? 

936. Odessa? 

937. Crimea? 

938. Constantinople? 

939. Seville? 

940. Rouen? 

941. Texel? 

942. Amsterdam? 

943. Hague? 

944. Lille? 

945. Toulon? 

946. Trieste? 

947. Turin? 

948. Waterloo? 

949. Munich? 

950. W^arsaw? 



951. Into what do the following rivers flow] 



952. Thames? 

953. Seine? 

954. Loire? 

955. Rhone 
950. Rhine? 
957, Garonne ? 



958. Tagus? 

959. Duero? 

960. Guadiana? 

961. Guadalquiver? 

962. Ebro? 

963. Tiber? 



964. Danube 
905. Don? 

966. Dnieper? 

967. Dniester? 

968. Vistula? 

969. Oder? 



970. What are the five most powerful states of Europe, 
commonly called the great powers ] 

Aiiswer. The great powers are Great Britain, France, Russia, Austria, 
and Prussia. 

971. What is meant by the name Great Britain 1 

Answer. Great Britain is a large island west of the North sea, contain- 
ing England, Scotland, and Wales. Ireland (sometimes called the Em- 
erald isle) is a smaller island, west of it, being separated from it by the 
Irish sea. But by the name Great Britain is now usually meant the uni- 
ted kingdom of England, Scotland, and Ireland, represented on maps by 
the name of the British isles. 



MAP OF THE BRITISH ISLES. 

972. How is the island of Great Britain divided 

Answer. The island of Great Britain is divided into England, Scotland, 
and Wales. 

973. In what part of the island is England ? 974. In what 
pait is Scotland] 975. In what part is Wales] 

976. What three clusters of islands north and west of Scot- 
land ] 

977. What two islands in the Irish sea] 

978. What channel south of Wales ] 



36 



GEOGRAPHICAL aUESTIONS. 



979. What channel south of England ? 

980. What is a channel 1 

Answer. A channel is a passage of water wider than a strait. 

981. What strait connects the English channel with the 
North sea, thus forming a communication between the 
North sea and the Atlantic ocean ] 

982. The Severn is the largest river in England : where 
does it rise, and into what does it flow ] 

983. What is the capital of Great Britain, on what river is 
it situated, and how far from the sea 1 

Answer. About sixty miles from the sea. {See map for remainder of the 
answer.) 

984. In what country is each of the following places 1 
[Mention also the river or loater, if any^ mid in what 
part of the country.) 



985. Liverpool ? 

986. London? 

987. Birmingham? 

988. Manchester? 

989. Bristol? 

990. Hull? 

99L Newcastle? 

992. Sunderland? 

993. Whitby? 

994. Whitehaven? 

995. Falmouth? 

996. Dover? 

997. Yarmouth? 

998. Portsmouth? 

999. Plymouth? 
1000. Chatham? 
lOOL Londonderry? 

1002. Belfast? 

1003. Armagh? 

1004. Kilkenny? 

1005. Cork? 

1006. Wexford? 

1007. Limerick? 



1008. Preston Pans ? 

1009. Leeds? 

1010. Wakefield? 

1011. Sheffield? 

1012. Exeter? 

1013. Norwich? 

1014. Kidderminster ? 

1015. Nottingham? 

1016. Leicester? 

1017. Coventry? 

1018. Gloucester? 

1019. Worcester? 

1020. Burton? 

1021. Oxford? 

1022. Cambridge? 

1023. Eton? 

1024. Greenwich? 

1025. Rochester? 

1026. Waterford? 

1027. Killarney? 

1028. Galway? 

1029. Greenock? 

1030. Culloden? 



1031. Canterbury? 

1032. Bath ? 

1033. Wells? 

1034. Brighton? 

1035. Newmarket? 

1036. Flodden? 

1037. Cardigan? 

1038. St. Asaph? 

1039. Radnor? 

1040. Swansey? 

1041. Llandaff? 

1042. Edinburgh? 

1043. Aberdeen? 

1044. Falkirk? 

1045. Stirling? 

1046. Glasgow? 

1047. Inverness? 

1048. Dundee? 

1049. Montrose? 

1050. St. Andrews? 

1051. Leith? 

1052. Gretna Green : 



1053. What are the southern and southwestern extremities 
of England called? 

1054. Into what do the following rivers flow ] 

1055. Thames? 1059. Mersey? 1063. Cam? 

1064. Tyne" 



1056. Humber? 

1057. Trent? 

1058. Ouse? 



1059. 

1060. Dee? 

1061. Avon? 

1062. Wash? 



1065. Tees? 



1066. What separates England firom Scotland ] 
Answer. The river Tweed, Cheviot hills, and Sol way frith. 

1067. What is a frith ? {See question 26.) 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 37 

1068. Of what river is the frith of Forth the widening? 

1069. Between what friths is Edinburgh situated 1 

1070. How are the friths of Forth and Clyde connected] 
Answer. By a canal, called the Forth and Clyde canal. 

1071. What ocean and sea are thus connected by theForth 
and Clyde canal and the friths of Forth and Clyde ] 

1072. What other canal forms a communication, through 
Scotland, between the North sea and the Atlantic 
ocean ? 

1073. What is meant by lochs, in Scotland] 

Answer. Lakes, in Scotland, are called lochs. Many of them are prop- 
erly bays, as they are arms of the sea. 

1074. What is the largest loch in Scotland ? 

Answer. Loch Lomond, which is thirty miles long, and one of the most 
beautiful lakes in Europe. 

1075. Where is Loch Katharine ] 

1076. What are the four provinces into which Ireland is 
divided ] 

Answer. Ulster, in the north ; Munster, in the south ; Leinster, in the 
east ; Connaught, in the west. 

1077. What is the largest river of Ireland, and into what 
does it flow ] 

Answer. The Shannon, which flows into . 

1078. In what part of Ireland are the following places ? 

1079. Dublin bay? 1082. Donegal bay? 1085. Lough Neagh?* 

1080. Dingle bay ? 1083. Cape Clear? 1086. Dublin ? 

1081. Galwaybay? 1084. Cork? 1087. Lake of Killarney ? 

1088. Which is the most indented by inlets and bays, — 
England, Scotland, or Ireland ] 

MAP OF FRANCE, GERMANY, BELGIUM, HOLLAND, 
SWITZERLAND, ETC. 

(Those places which can not be found on this map may be found on the map of Eu- 
rope.) 

1089. How is France bounded, and what is its capital? 

1090. What separates France from England ] 

1091. What are the four largest rivers of France, and into 
what do they each flow ? 

Answer. The Seine, Loire, Garonne, and Rhone. {See map for remain- 
der of the answer.) 

* Lough in Ireland is the same with loch in Scotland, and lake in England; but, 
like the term loch, it is frequently applied to an arm of the sea. (See answer to ques- 
tion 24.) 



38 C.rAJGliAi'UWAL QUESTIONS. 

1092. What mountains divide France from Spain, and 
what from Italy ? 

1093. In what part of France is each of the following 
places ; and on what river or water, if any, is each situ- 
ated 1 

1094. Paris? 1106. Bayonne? 1118. Orleans? 

1095. Rouen? 1107. Rochelle? 1119. Tours? 

1096. Havre de Grace ?* 1108. Dunkirk? 1120. Toulouse? 

1097. Lyons? 1109. Boulogne? 1121. Avignon? 

1098. Marseilles? 1110. Dieppe? 1122. Montpelier? 

1099. Bordeaux? 1111. Lille? 1123. Nismes? 

1100. Nantes? 1112. Valenciennes? 1124. Aix ? 

1101. Brest? 1113. Cambray? 1125. Versailles? 

1102. Toulon? 1114. Metz ? 1126. Fontainbleau ? 

1103. Rochefort? 1115. Strasburg? 1127. Poitiers? 

1104. L'Orient? 1116. Rheims? 1128. Agincaurt? 

1105. Cherbourg? 1117. Amiens? 1129. Crecy? 

1130. What is the chief commercial city of France, and 
how is it situated ] 

Answer. Marseilles. {See map for the situation.) 

1131. What are the ''six largest rivers in Germany, and into 
what does each of them flow 1 

Answer. The Danube, Rhine, Elbe, Oder, Weser, and Mayne. {See 
map for the remainder of the answer.) 

1132. What is the extent of Germany from north to south, 
and from east to west ] 

Answer. Germany extends from the Baltic sea, on the north, to the 
Gulf of Venice, on the south ; and from the river Rhine, on the west, to 
the Oder, on the east. 

1133. What countries does Germany comprise 1 

Answer. Germany comprises about one third of the empire of Austria ; 
the greater part of Prussia ; Holstein and Lauenburg, belonging to the 
kingdom of Denmark ; Luxemburg, belonging to Holland ; the kingdoms 
of Bavaria, Saxony, Hanover, and Wurtemburg ; with twenty-seven 
smaller independent states ; and the four free cities, Hamburg, Lubeck, 
Bremen, and Frankfort. Hamburg, Lubeck, and Frankfort, are called 
the Hanse towns. 

1134. What is the largest lake of Germany, and on the 
borders of what country is it situated 

Answer. Lake Constance. (tS'ee map.) 

1135. What are the principal states in the north, middle, 
and south of Germany] 

Answer. The principal states of Germany are — 
Prussia, Hanover, Mecklenburg, Oldenburg, in the north ; 
Saxony, Hesse Cassel, Darmstadt, ) ■ ,, „ ^: j ji^ . 
Nassau, and Saxe Weimar, \ ^" ^^^ ^^^^'^ ' 

Austria, Bavaria, Wurtemburg, and Baden, in the south. 

* This place, which is the sea-port of Paris, is generally called Havre only 



GEOGRAPHICAL aUESTIONS. 39 

1136. What mountains traverse the southern part of Ger- 
many 1 

1137. In which of the states of Germany is each of the fol- 
lowing places'? [See question 1133, and also mention the 
river m' water on which it is situated^ 



113S. 


Dresden ? 


1150. 


Nuremberg ? 


1161. 


Halle? 


1 139. 


Leipsic ? 


1151. 


Ratisbon ? 


1162. 


Konigsberg ? 


J 140. 


Berlin? 


1152. 


Munich ? 


1163. 


Dantzic ? 


lUl. 


Frankfort ? 


1153. 


Augsburg ? 


1164. 


Magdeburg ? 


1142. 


Lubeck? 


1154. 


Hohenlinden ? 


1165. 


Pottsdam ? 


1143. 


Hamburg ? 


1155. 


Stuttgard ? 


1166. 


Wittenberg? 


1144. 


Bremen ? 


1156. 


Weimar ? 


1167. 


Lutzen ? 


1145. 


Hanover ? 


1157. 


Darmstadt ? 


1168. 


Tilsit ? 


1146. 


Osnaburg? 


1158. 


Strelitz ? 


1169. 


Gottingen ? 


1147. 


Wisbaden ? 


1159. 


Aix-la-Chapelle '. 


1170. 


Carlsruhe ? 


1148. 


Coburg ? 


11 GO. 


Cologne ? 


1171. 


Heidelberg? 


1149. 


Gotha.' 











1172. How is the kingdom of Prussia divided % 

Answer. Prussia is divided into two parts, called East Prussia and 
West Prussia. These two parts are separated by Hanover and several 
of the smaller German states. 

1173. Which is the larger division of Prussia, the easteni 
or western division % 

1174. On both sides of what river does Western Prussia lie % 

1175. In which division of Prussia is each of the following- 
places % 

1176. Berlin? 1181. Pottsdam? 11S6. Breslau? 

1177. Cologne? 1182. Frankfort? 1187. Magdeburg? 

1178. Aix-la-Chapelle? 1183. Stettin? 1188. Halle? 

1179. Coblentz? 1184. Dantzic? 1189. Dusseldorf? 

1180. Wittemburg? 1185. Tilsit? 1190. Bonn? 

1191. Into what does each of the following rivers flow? 

1192. Niemen? 1194. Oder? 1196. Rhine? 

1193. Vistula? 1195. Elbe? 1197. Havel? 

1198. What do the Austrian dominions compiise 1 
Answer. 1. About a third part of Germany ; 2. Hungary, Transylvania, 

Dalmatia, Sclavonia, and Croatia; 3. Part of Poland, styled Galicia ; 
4. The Lombardo- Venetian kingdom, in the northeast of Italy. 

1199. Of what do the Austrian dominions in Germany con- 
sist % 

Answer. The Austrian dominions in Germany consist of the arch- 
duchy of Austria, Stiria, Tyrol, Carinthia, Carniola, Bohemia, and Mo- 
ravia. 

1200. In which of the divisions of Austria are the follow- 
ing places 1 

1201. Prague? 1204. Buda? 1207. Inspruck? 

1202. Olmutz? 1205. Milan? 1208. Brunn? 

1203. Presbur;?? 1206. Venice? 1209. Vienna? 



40 GEOGRAPHICAL aUESTIONS. 

1210. AusterJitz ? 1215. Padua? 1220. Idria ? 

1211. Verona? 1216. Laybach? 1221. Gratz? 

1212. Wagram? 1217. Trieste? 1222. Mantua? 

1213. Pavia? 1218. Tokay? 1223. Lodi? 

1214. Cremona? 1219. Cronstadt? 

1224. What ranges of mountains in Austria'? 

1225. What mountains in Hungary 1 

1226. Into what do the following rivers flow 1 

1227. Danube? 1229. Save? 1231. Po ? 

1228. Drave? 1230. Theis? 1232. Adige? 

1233. What large river runs through Holland, and into 
what does it flow ? 

1234. What sea is sometimes called the German ocean ] 
[See note under question 20.) 

1235. What is the name of that gulf or bay on which Am- 
sterdam is situated % 

Answer. The Zuyder Zee. 

1236. On what is Rotterdam situated ] 

1237. What two countries were formerly united under tlie 
name of the Netherlands '? 

Answer. Holland and Belgium. 

1238. Which part of the Netherlands constitutes the king- 
dom of Holland, and which the kingdom of Belgium ] 

1239. In which country are the following places 1 



1240. 


Hague? 


1248. 


Dort ? 


1255. 


Ostend ? 


1241. 


Amsterdam ? 


1249. 


Louvain ? 


1256. 


Helvoetsluvs ? 


1242. 


Rotterdam ? 


1250. 


Brussels ? 


1257. 


Utrecht? 


1243. 


Groningen ? 


1251. 


Tournay ? 


1258. 


Waterloo ? 


1244. 


Zutphen ? 


1252. 


Fontenay ? 


1259. 


Harlem ? 


1245. 


Antwerp ? 


1253. 


Mechlin ? 


1260. 


Liege ? 


1246. 


Leyden ? 


1254. 


Ypres ? 


1261. 


Spa? 


1247. 


Ghent ? 











1262. What are the three principal rivers of Holland and 
Belgium, and into what do they flow 1 

Answer. The Rhine, Meuse, and Scheldt. (.See the map for the re- 
mainder of the answer.) 

1263. What island northwest of the Zuyder Zee ] 

1264. What countries northeast and south of Holland and 
Belgium 1 

1265. Between what countries is Switzerland situated % 

1266. For what is Switzerland noted ] 

Answer. Switzerland is noted as the most mountainous country ia 
Europe ? 

1267. What range of mountains in Switzerland? 

1268. What lake on the northern border of Switzer- 
land 1 



GEOGRAPHICAL aUESTIONS. 41 

1269. Wliat are some of tlie highest mountains of the 
Alps? 

Ansioer. Mont Blanc, the liighest in Europe ; Mount Rosa, Cervin, 
Jungfrau, Simplon, and St. Bernard. 

1270. Where is the vale of Chamouny 1 

Answer. On the north side of Mont Blanc. 

1271. Where is Mont Simplon] 
Ansv:er. Between Switzerland and Piedmont. 

1272. What large rivers of Europe rise in the mountains 
of Switzerland ] 

Answer. The Rhine, the Rhone, and the Inn, the head branch of the 
Danube. 

1273. What are the lakes of Switzerland, and in what part 
of the country is each situated 1 

Answer. The lakes of Switzerland are, lakes Geneva, or Leman, Neuf- 
chatel, Lucerne, and Zurich. {See map for remainder of the answer.) 

1274. What chain of mountains between Switzerland and 
France, and near what lake 1 

Answer. The chain of the Jura. {See map for remainder of the answer.) 

1275. What is the largest town in Switzerland ? 

Answer. Geneva. {See map.) 

1276. On what lakes are Lausanne, Zurich, and Lu- 
cerne 1 

1277. What are the glaciers and avalanches, frequently 
mentioned in Switzerland ] 

Answer. The glaciers are fields or lakes of glittering ice and snow, ex- 
tending sometimes fifteen or twenty miles : avalanches are immense 
masses of snow and ice which sometimes fall from the mountains. 

1278. What country lies south of Switzerland ] 

1279. What are the principal divisions of Italy ] 

A7iswer. Italy contains the following states : — 
Austrian Italy, or the Lombardo-Venetian kingdom, in the northeast ; 
The Sardinian territories, in the northwest ; 
The States of the Church, ^ 

The grand duchy of Tuscany, 
The duchies of Parma, Modena, >in the middle ; 

and Lucca, and j 

The republic of St. Marino, ) 

The kingdom of the Two Sicilies, consist- ) • ., _„,,*u 

ing of Naples, and the island of Sicily, i ^" ^^^ ^°"^^- 

1280. What does the kingdom of Sardinia, or the Sardi- 
nian territories, comprise 1 

Answer. Piedmont, Genoa, Savoy, and the island of Sardinia. 

1281. What are the rivers of Italy ] 
Ansicer. The Po, Adige, Arno, and Tiber. 

1282. What mountains extend through Italy 1 

1283. What crulf east of Ttalv 1 



42 GEOGRAPHICAL aUESTIONS. 

1284. In what country, and on what water, if any, are the 



following places 


7 








1285. Rome? 


1297. 


Parma ? 


1309. 


Padua ? 


1286. Naples? 


1298. 


Leghorn? 


1310. 


Venice ? 


1287. Florence? 


1299. 


Pisa? 


1311. 


Ancona? 


1288. Piedmont? 


1.300. 


Catania? 


1312. 


Milan ? 


1289. Turin? 


1301. 


Pavia? 


1313. 


Lucca? 


1290. Genoa? 


1302. 


Mantua ? 


1314. 


Terni ? 


1291. Bologna? 


1303. 


Placentia? 


1315. 


Cremona? 


1292. Civito Vecchia ? 


1304. 


Verona ? 


1316. 


The volcanoes 


1293. Tivoli? 


1305. 


Ravenna ? 




Mt. Etna, 


1294. Palermo? 


1306. 


San Marino? 




Mt. Vesuvius, 


1295. Messina? 


1307. 


Ferrara ? 




and Stromboli? 


1296. Syracuse? 


1308. 


Modena? 







1317. What gulf in the north part of the Gulf of Venice ] 

1318. What sea on the south and southwest of Italy 1 

1319. What are the principal islands of Italy, and in what 
water are they situated ] 

Answer. The principal islands of Italy are Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, 
Elba, and the Lipari islands. {See map.) 

1320. What are the principal lakes of Italy ? 

Answer. Lakes Maggiore, Como, and Garda. 

1321. What gulfs south of the north part of Italy 1 

1322. What gulf south of the southern part of Italy 1 

MAP OF ASIA. 

1323. What countries does Asia include 1 (See question 
13.) 

1324. What oceans on the north, south, and east of Asia ? 

1325. By what isthmus is Asia connected with Africa ] 

1326. What country embraces most of the north of Europe, 
and all the north of Asia ] 

Answer. Russia. 

1327. What three seas east of Asia 1 

1328. What peninsula east of the Sea of Ochotsk? 

1329. What channel connects the Sea of Japan with the 
Sea of Ochotsk 1 

1330. What island is separated from Chinese Tartary by 
the chamiel of Tartary ] 

1331. What islands south of the Sea of Japan; and which 
is the largest of the cluster 1 

1332. What peninsula between the Yellow sea and the 
Sea of Japan 1 

1333. What peninsula south of the Burman empire ] 

1334. Wb.at strait separates Malacca from Sumatra ? 



GEOGRAPHICAL aUESTJONri. 43 

1335. What strait connects the Red sea with the Indian 
ocean 1 

1336. What strait separates Sumatra from Java 1 

1337. What strait separates New Holland from Van Die- 
men's Land ] 

1338. What strait separates Asia from America 1 

1339. What strait separates Borneo fi'om Celebes'? 

1340. What strait separates New Holland from New 
Guinea ] 

1341. What name is applied to that water which contains 
the large islands Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Celebes, 
and the other clusters of islands near them 1 {See answer 
to question 819.) 

1342. What two ranges of mountains in Asia, and in what 
country are they ] 

1343. For what are the Himmaleh mountains remarkable? 

Ayiswer. The Himmaleh mountains are remarkable for their height. 
They are the highest mountains in the world, being more than twenty- 
five thousand feet high, 

1344- What are some of the largest rivers in Asia? 

Answer. The largest rivers of Asia are — 

Oby, i Cambodia, "^ 

Yenisei, > in the north ; Irrawaddy, I 

V^"^' ' , Brahmapootra, I • ^ ^ 

Amour, ) Ganges, pu unc ov^uuu. 

Hoang Ho. > in the east ; Indus, | 

Kiang Ku, S Tigris, ) 

1345. In what country is each of the following rivers; in 
what direction, and into what do they flow 1 

1346. Oby? 1351. Hoang Ho ? 1355. Cambodia ? 

1347. Yenisei? 1352. Kiang Ku ? 1356. Irrawaddy ? 

1348. Lena? 1353. Amour? 1357. Brahmapootra? 

1349. Ganges? 1354. Indus? 1358. Tigris? 

1350. Euphrates? 

1359. What seas and oceans in and around Asia t 

Answer. The seas and oceans in and around Asia are — 
Mediterranean sea, ^ Yellow sea, ^ 

Black, sea, 1 Sea of Japan, 1 

Sea of Azof, >in the west ; Sea of Ochotsk, yon the east. 

Caspian sea, I Sea of Anadir, I 

Red sea, j Pacific ocean, J 

Arabian sea, \ 

Indian ocean, j 

1360. What countries in Asia extend farthest to the north, 
to the east, to the south, and to the west 1 

1361. What island south of Hindostan 1 



44 GEOGRAPHICAL aUESTIONS. 

1362. What island south of Malacca? 

1363. What peninsula forms the southern extremity of Asia 1 

1364. What gulfs are in and about Asia, and where is each 1 
Answer. The Persian gulf, Gulf of Ormus, Gulf of Siam, Gulf of Ton- 

quin, Gulf of Corea. {See map for remainder of the ansiver.) 

1365. What island southeast of Sumatra 1 

1366. What two large islands north and northeast of Java? 

1367. What large island east of Celebes 1 

1368. What large island or continent south of New Guinea ? 

1369. What island south of New Holland] 

1370. What name is applied to the south part of Asia, 
and the islands in that direction '? 

Answer. The East Indies. 

1371. What name is given to the clusters of islands in the 
Pacific ocean, lying chiefly to the southwest of Asia] 

Answer. The islands in the Pacific ocean are called by the general 
name of Oceanica, and are divided into three classes, the Eastern Archi- 
pelago, or Asiatic islands, Australia, and Polynesia. 

1372. What clusters of islands constitute the Eastern Arch- 
ipelago, or Asiatic islands, sometimes called the East 
Indies'? 

Answer. The Sunda or Sumatra islands, Borneo, the Philippine islands, 
Celebes, and Moluccas. 

1373. On what islands are the following places ] 

1374. Bencoolen? 1377. Macassar? 1380. Botany Bay ? 

1375. Batavia? 1378. Jeddo? 1381. Port Jackson 

1376. Manilla? 1379. Columbo? 

1382. Between what two large islands is the island of 
Banca, celebrated for its tin mines 1 

1383. What is the largest island in the world, except New 
Holland 1 

Answer. Borneo is the largest island in the world, except New Hol- 
land, which is considered as a continent rather than an island. 

Bound each of the following countries, and mention the 

capital, together with the river or water, if any, on which 

it is situated. 

Capital. 



1384. Siberia (or Russia in 


Asia) ? 


Tobolsk. 


1385. Tartary? 








1386. Thibet? 






Lassa. 


1387. Turkey? 






Constantinople (in Europe). 


1388. Arabia? 






Mecca. 


1389. Persia? 






Teheran. 


1390. Beloochistan? 






Kelat. 


1391. Afghanistan? 






Cabul. 


1392. Hindostan? 






Calcutta. 


1393. Chin India, or 


Farther India ? 


Ummerapoora. 



GEOGRAPHICAL UUESTIONS. 



45 



Capital. 

1 j;<5. Corea ? ) 

1396. Japan? Jeddo. 

1397. What are the two largest of the Philippine islands ? 

1398. Between what two large islands are the Moluccas, 
or Spice islands ] 

1399. What countries lie between the Black and Caspian 
seas 1 

1400. What lake east of the Caspian sea'? 

1401. What lake in the southern part of Siberia ? 

1402. What large island in the Arctic ocean, northwest of 
Si be- r la? 

1403. What river and mountains separate Asiafrom Europe? 

1404. What cape forms the northern extremity of Asia 1 

1405. In what country is each of the following places'? 



1406. Mecca? 

1407. Medina? 

1408. Ispahan? 

1409. Teheran? 



1410 
1411. 
1412, 
1413 
1414. 
1415 
1416. 
1417, 
1418. 
1419. 



JMocha ? 
Canton ? 
Calcutta? 
Cabul? 
Samarcand ? 
Aleppo ? 
Lassa ? 
Pekin ? 
Bombay ? 
Madras ? [laya ? 



1120. Malacca, or Ma- 



1436. Ummerapoora ? 

1437. Sydney? 

1438. Port Jackson? 

1439. Irkoutsk? 

1440. Bassorah? 

1441. Damascus? 

1442. Jerusalem? 

1443. Rangoon? 

1444. Siam? 

1445. Muscat? 

1446. Tauris, or Tabris? 

1447. Bushire? 

1448. Gombroon? 

1449. Cashmere? 

1450. Ceylon? 



1421. Pondicherry? 

1422. Seringapatam? 

1423. Astrachan? 

1424. Tobolsk' 

1425. Delhi? 

1426. Surat? 

1427. Bagdad? 

1428. Benares? 

1429. Goa? 

1430. Kelat? 

1431. Nankin? 

1432. Batavia? 

1433. Manilla? 

1434. Bencoolen? 

1435. Botany Bay ? 

1451. What are the three great rivers of Hindostan ] 

Ayisu-er. The Ganges, the Brahmapootra, and the Indus. 

1452. What is meant by the terms Hither India and Far- 
tlicr India ? 

Answer. By Farther India is meant that part of India which lies heyond 
the Ganges. Hither India is the country lying nearer to Europe and 
America, on the hither side of the Ganges. 

1453. What is meant by the term India % 

Answer. The name India was, in ancient times, applied to the country 
east of the river Indus. At present, it is applied only to the countries 
situated on or near the two large peninsulas east of the Arabian sea and 
the Bay of Bengal. The name India is unknown to the inhabitants of 
the country. 

1454. What is included in the term Australia or Austral- 
asia ] {See question 15.) 

Answer. Under the general name of Australia, or Australasia, are in- 
cluded the large islands of New Holland, New Guinea, Van Diemen's 
Land, New Britain, New Ireland, New Caledonia, New Hebrides, New 
Zealand, and other small islands. 



46 GEOGRAPHICAL aUESTIONS. 



MAP OF TURKEY, ARABIA, PERSIA, HINDOSTAN, 
EGYPT, AFGHANISTAN, NUBIA, ABYSSINIA, ETC. 

[Most of the following- questions may be answered from the maps of Asia and 
Africa.] 

1455. What isthmus, between the Red and Mediterranean 
seas, connects Asia with Africa 1 

1456. In which is each of the following countries,^ — in 
Asia, or in Africa, and in what part 1 

1457. Turkey? 1462. Persia? 1467. Dongola? 

1458. Arabia? 1463. Nubia? 1468. Hindostan ? 

1459. Sennaar? 1464. Abyssinia? 1469. Georgia? 

1460. Afghanistan? 1465. Thibet? 1470. Independent Tar- 

1461. Egypt? 1466. Beloochistan? tary? 

1471. What mountains between Thibet and Hindostan? 

1472. Where is the Delta ] 

Answer. The word Delta is the name of the fourth letter in the Greek 
alphabet, having the same sound with D in the English alphabet. The 
shape of the letter is like a triangle. The name is applied to any por- 
tion of land separated from the main land by a river which has two or 
more mouths. The river Nile, just before its entrance into the Mediter- 
ranean, separates and flows into the sea by several branches. The land 
between these branches is called the Delta, from its resembling in shape 
the Gree'K A (delta). 

1473. What cities at the mouth of the Nile] 

1474. What part of Egypt is called Upper, and what part 
Lower Egypt 1 {See question 220.) 

1475. What desert west of Egypt ] 

1476. What is a desert ] 

Ansiver. A desert is a tract of barren land, destitute of water and vege- 
tation, and generally covered with loose sand. These sands, when agi- 
tated with the wind, rise in immense quantities, and sometimes over- 
whelm and destroy large companies of travelers, with their beasts of 
burden, thus burying them alive in the wilderness. 

1477. What desert in Arabia 1 

1478. What desert south of Egypt '? 

1479. What desert in Persia 1 

1480. Into what parts is Arabia divided 1 

Answer. Arabia is divided into three parts: Arabia Petrasa, or the 
Stony, in the northwest ; Arabia Deserta, or the Desert, in the middle ; 
Arabia Felix, or the Happy, in the south. It is called the Happy, be- 
cause it is the most fertile part of the country, and produces fruits and 
perfumes. 

1481. What sea is north of Turkey in Asia ? 

1482. Between what seas is the isthmus of Suez 1 

1483. What strait leads the waters of the Red sea into the 
Indian ocean ? 



GEOGRArmcAL UUESTIONS. 



47 



1484. "What countries lie between Turkey and the Caspian 
sea 1 

1485. What gulfs south of Persia ? 

1486. What two rivers in the southeast part of Turkey in 
Asia] 

1487. What island south of Hindostan ] 

Bound each of the following countries, tell the capital 
of each, and the river or w^ater, if any, on which it is situ- 
ated. 

1488. Turkey in Asia? 1491. Hindostan? 1494. Nubia? 

1489. Arabia? 1492. Afghanistan? 1495. Abyssinia? 

1490. Persia? 1493. Egypt? 1496. Beloochistan ? 

1497. In what country, and on what river or water, is each 
of the following places ] {See question 1405. For the 
rive?; ^c, see the ?nap.) 



1498. Mocha ? 

1499. Mecca? 

1500. Medina? 

1501. Tarsus? 

1502. Smyrna? 

1503. Angora? 

1504. Diarbekir? 

1505. Aleppo? 

1506. Damascus? 

1507. Bagdad? 

1508. Acre? 

1509. Mount Sinai ? 

1510. Oman? 

1511. Muscat? 

1512. Suez? 

1513. Alexandria? 

1514. Rosetta? 

1515. Damietta? 



1516. The Pyramids? 

1517. Thebes? 

1518. Gondar? 

1519. The Dead sea? 

1520. Teflis? 

1521. Teheran? 

1522. Ispahan? 

1523. Bushire? 

1524. Bukharia? 

1525. Samarcand? 

1526. Cabul? 

1527. Kelat? 

1528. Cashgar? 

1529. Cashmere ? 

1530. Lahore? 

1531. Delhi? 

1532. Nepaul? 

1533. Benares? 



1534. Allahabad? 

1535. Juggernaut? 

1536. Madras? 

1537. Pondicherry ? 

1538. Tanjore? 

1539. Cape Comorin 7 

1540. Columbo? 

1541. Trincomalee ? 

1542. Seringa patam? 

1543. Bombay? 

1544. Surat? 

1545. Lassa? 

1546. Lake Dembea? 

1547. Great Salt Desert? 

1548. Desert of Gobi? 

1549. Calcutta? [ains? 

1550. Caucasian mount- 

1551. Ghaut mountams ? 



1552. In what country are the followdng rivers, and into 
what do they flow 1 

1553. Meinder? 1556. Indus? 1559. Nerbuddah ? 

1554. Tigris? 1557. Ganges? 1560. Godavery? 

1555. Euphrates? 1558. Hoogly ? 



MAP OF AFRICA. 

1561. What countries does Africa contain 1 

Answer. Africa contains the Barbary states, in the north; Egypt, Nu- 
bia, and Abyssinia, in the northeast ; Western Africa, Southern Africa, 
Southeastern Africa, and the African Islands. (.See qxiestions 14 and 
1584.) 

1562. How is Africa bounded ? 

1563. What cape forms the southern extremity of Africa 1 

1564. What island east of the south part of Africa ? 



48 GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 

1565. What are the north, south, east, and west capes of 
Africa ] 

1566. What countries are included in the Barbary states 1 
Answer. Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, and Barca. 

Bound each of the following countries, and tell the cap- 
ital of each, together with the river, &c., if any, on which 
it is situated. 



Countries. 


Capitals. 


1567. Morocco? 


Morocco. 


1568. Algiers? 


Algiers. 


1569. Tunis? 


Tunis. 


1570. Tripoli? 


Tripoli. 


1571. Barca? 


Derne. 


1572. Fezzan? 


Mourzouk. 


1573. Egypt? 


Cairo. 


1574. Nubia? 




1575. Abyssinia? 




1576. Soudan (or Nigritia) ? 




1577. Guinea? 




1578. Caffraria? 





1579. What colony in the south part of Africa 1 

1580. Where is th6 country of the Hottentots 1 

1581. What channel separates Madagascar from Africa 1 

1582. What country west of the Mozambique channel 1 

1583. What are the principal rivers of Africa, and through 
what countries do they flow 1 

Answer. The principal rivers of Africa are the Nile, Niger, Senegal, 
Gambia, Congo, Orange, and Cuama. (See map for the countries throvgh 
which they flow.) 

1584. What are the principal islands of Africa, and to 
what country are they nearest 1 

Answer. Madagascar, Socotra, Mauritius, Bourbon, on the east ; the 
Canaries, Madeira, Azores, Cape Verd, and St. Helena, on the west. 
{See map for the countries near them.) 

1585. What are the principal mountains of Africa, and in 
what countries are they 1 

Answer. The Atlas Mountains, in the north ; mountains of the Moon, 
Kong mountains, in the central part; Table mountain, Peak of Tene- 
rifte. {See map for the countries near them.) 

1586. What is a remarkable natural feature of Africa ] 

Answer. Africa is remarkable for its deserts, of which Sahara, or the 
Great Desert, is the largest. 

1587. What is meant by the terms Upper and Lower 
Egypt, and where is each '] [See questions 220 and 1474, 
for the meaning of the term.) 

Answer. Upper Egypt is south of Cairo; Lower Egypt is between 
Cairo and the Mediterranean. 



GKOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 49 

1588. In what part of Egypt is the Delta ] {See question 
1472.) 

1589. In which division of Egypt is each of the follow- 
ing places 1 [See question 1587.) , 

1590. Thebes? 1594. Rosetta ? 1598. Siut? 

1591. Syene? 1595. Damietta? 1599. Suez? 

1592. Girge? 1596. Cairo? 1600. Abukir? 

1593. Alexandria? 1597. The Delta ? 1601. The PjTramids? 

1602. By what river is Nubia watered ? 

1603. What are the two principal states, or kingdoms, of 
Nubia, and which is in the southern part ] 

Answer. Dongola and Sennaar. {See map.) 

1604. In what direction from Nubia and from the Red sea 
is Abyssinia '? 

1605. On what lake is Gondar, the chief town of Abys- 
sinia 1 

Answer. Lake Dembea. 

1606. What mountains in the Barbary states 1 

1607. Which is the largest of the Barbary states 1 

1608. Where is the desert of Sahara, and what is its 

size ? 

Answer. The desert of Sahara is three thousand miles long, and one 
thousand miles broad. (See map.) 

1609. What countries does Western Africa comprise ? 
Answer. Western Africa comprehends all the countries between Ben- 

guela and the Desert of Sahara, and consists of the following countries : 
Senegambia, in the north ; Guinea, in the middle ; Loango, Congo, An- 
gola, and Benguela, in the south. 

1610. What countries are embraced in Central Africa 1 
Answer. Central Africa is but little known. Soudan, or Nigritia, which 

is south of Sahara, contains the kingdoms of Tombuctoo, Houssa, Bam- 
barra, Kassina, and Bornou. 

1611. What does Southern Africa contain] 

Answer. Southern Africa contains Caflfraria, the land of the Hottentots, 
and the English settlement of Cape Colony. 

1612. What does Southeastern Africa contain ? 

Answer. Southeastern Africa contains Sofala, Momonotopa, Mozam- 
bique, Zanguebar, Magadoxa, Adel, and Ajan. 

1613. What are the principal islands on the eastern coast 

of Africa, and in what water are they 1 

Answer. The principal islands of Africa are Madagascar, Socotra, Zan- 
zibar, Comoro, Bourbon, and Mauritius. (See map.) 

c 



60 



GEOGRAPHICAL UUESTIONS. 



1632. Atlas mountains ? 1649. Ceuta? 



1614. "What islands on the west of Africa, and in what 
water are they 1 

Answer. The Madeira isles, Azores, Cape Verd, Canaries, and St. 
Helena. 

In what country or island, and on what river or water, is 

each of the following places 1 

1615. Cairo? 

1616. Dongola? 1633. Gondar? 

1617. Sennaar? 1634. Morocco? 

1618. Alexandria? 1635. Fez? 

1619. Rosetta? 1636. Tripoli? 

1620. Damietta? 1637. Mogadore? 

1621. The Pyramids? 1638. Tangier? 

1622. Teembo? 1639. Kassina? 

1623. Abomey? 1640. Lattakoo? 

1624. Sierra Leone? 1641. Kurrechane? 

1625. Liberia? 1642. Cape Town? 

1626. Barca? 1643. Teneriffe? 

1627. Houssa? 1644. Tafilet ? 

1628. Benin? 1645. Sallee ? 

1629. Fezzan? 1646. Mequinez? 

1630. Monrovia? 1647. Derne ? 

1631. Bambarra? 1648. Bingazi? 



1650. Constantina? 

1651. Tunis? 

1652. Sahara ? (desert.) 

1653. Bornou? 

1654. The Delta ? 

1655. Tombuctoo? 

1656. Thebes? 

1657. Syene? 

1658. Axum? 

1659. Melinda? 

1660. Mourzouk? 

1661. Peak of Teneriffe ? 

1662. Table mountain ? 

1663. Mountains of the 

Moon? 



OF THE INHABITANTS OF THE SEVERAL COUN- 
TRIES MENTIONED IN THE PRECEDING QUES- 
TIONS. 



1664. What are 


the inhabitants of the following countries 


called, and what language do 


they speak 1 


Country. 


Inhabitants. 


Language. 


1665. United States? 


Americans. 


English. 


1666. Mexico? 


Mexicans. 


Spanish. 


1667. Chili? 


Chilians. 


" 


1668. Peru? 


Peruvians. 


(( 


1669. Brazil? 


Brazilians. 


Portuguese. 


1670. Korway? 


Norwegians. 


Danish. 


1671. Sweden? 


Swedes. 


Swedish. 


1672. Switzerland? 


Swiss. 


German and French. 


1673. France? 


French. 


French. 


1674. Spain? 


Spaniards. 


Spanish. 


1675. Portugal? 


Portuguese. 


Portuguese. 


1676. Italy? 


Italians. 


Italian. 


1677. Holland? 


Dutch. 


Dutch. 


1678. Belgium? 


Belgians. 


German. 


1679. Germany? 


Germans. 


" 


1680. England? 


English. 


English. 


1681. Scotland? 


Scotch. 


" and Gaelic. 


1682. Ireland? 


Irish. 


" and Irish. 


1683. Wales ? 


Welsh. 


" and Welsh. 


1684. China? 


Chinese. 


CJiinese. 


1685. Turkey? 


Turks. 


Turkish. 


1686. Arabia? 


Arabians. 


Arabic and Turkish 


1687. Genoa? 


Genoese. 


Italian. 



GEOGRAPHICAL aUESTIONS. 51 



OF LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE. 

1688. What is the shape of the earth ? 

Answer. The shape of the earth is round, hke a ball. Bodies that are 
round in all directions, like a ball, are called spheres, or spherical bodies. 
Bodies that are round, like a wheel, in only one direction, are called cir- 
cular bodies. The earth, being round (or nearly so) in all directions, is 
called a sphere, or spherical body. 

1689. What is meant by the axis of the earth 1 

Answer. A straight line passing through the center of the earth, from 
north to south, is called the axis of the earth ; and the extremities of the 
axis are called the poles of the earth. The northern end is called the 
north pole, and the southern end is called the south pole. There is in 
reality no such thing as an axis of the earth, but it is only an imaginary 
line supposed to pass through the earth, around which it seems to 
turn. 

1690. What is the equator 1 

Ayiswer. The equator is an imaginary line passing around the earth 
from east to west, being in all its parts at an equal distance from the 
poles. As this hne is supposed to pass wholly around the earth, it iain 
reality a circle. It is sometimes called the equinoctial line, and so'iie^ 
times simply the line. 

1691. What is latitude ? 

Answer. Latitude is the distance from the equator toward the poles. 
Distance from the equator toward the north pole, is called north latitude ; 
distance from the equator toward the south pole, is called south lati- 
tude. 

1692. What is longitude ] 

Answer. Longitude is distance east or west from some well known 
place. Distance east is called east longitude, distance west is called 
west longitude. 

1693. What is the use of latitude and longitude 1 

Answer. The use of latitude and longitude is to enable us to find any 
place on the earth when we do not know the country or water in which 
it is situated. 

1694. How are latitude and longitude measured ] 
Answer. Latitude and longitude are both measured on circles surround- 
ing the earth. These circles, like all other circles, are divided into three 
hundred and sixty equal parts, called degrees, and each degree is divided 
into sixty equal parts, called minutes ; the minutes are also subdivided 
into sixty equal parts, called seconds. 

1695. When the equator is not represented on the map 
(as in the maj? of Europe, for instance), how can you 
tell whether the latitude is north or south 1 

Answer. By noticing in what manner the figures on the sides of the 
map, representing the latitude, increase. If the figures increase toward 
the north (or the upper part of the map), it is north latitude. If they in- 
crease toward the south (or the lower part of the map), it is south lati- 
tude. In like manner, when the figures representing the longitude in- 



52 GEOGRAPHICAL aUESTIONS. 

crease toward the east (on the right hand), it is east longitude ; if they 
increase toward the west (or left side of the map), the longitude is 
west. 

1696. What are the circles called, on which latitude is 
measured 1 

Answer. The circles on which latitude is measured are called merid- 
ians. They cross the equator on both sides of the earth, and pass 
through the poles directly around the earth. They are called meridians 
from a Latin word signifying midday, because when the sun is directly 
over any one of them, it is midday, or twelve o'clock at noon, to all places 
through which that meridian passes. On the map of the world these 
meridians are represented by the lines drawn from the north to the 
south pole. These lines, it must be remembered, are all of them circles, 
although some of them appear on the map to be straight Hues. For the 
sake of convenience, latitude is expressed on the outermost of these cir- 
cles on the map of the world, and on the other maps on the east and 
vvest edge of the maps. The meridians are sometimes called meridional 
lines ; and as every place has a meridian or meridional line, the number 
of them may be increased on the map at pleasure. The meridians are 
sometimes called north and south lines, because they run directly north 
and south. 

1697. What are the circles called on which longitude is 
measured ] 

Answer. Longitude is generally measured on the equator, or on one of 
the circles parallel to the equator. These lines are called parallels of 
latitude, because all places, on any one of them, have the same latitude. 
As the circles representing the parallels of latitude decrease in size as 
they approach the poles, the degrees of longitude, which are parts of 
these circles, also decrease in size toward the north and south. At the 
equator, the degrees of latitude and longitude are nearly equal to one 
another ;* but, at any distance north or south of the equator, the degrees 
of longitude are shorter than the degrees of latitude, because they are 
parts of a smaller circle. 

1698. What is the greatest latitude a place can have 1 
Answer. Latitude is distance from the equator to the poles ; and, as 

this distance from the equator to the poles is just one quarter of a great 
circle surrounding the earth, and this circle is divided into three hun- 
dred and sixty parts, called degrees, latitude can never be more than a 
quarter of the circle, or a quarter of three hundred and sixty degrees, 
which is ninety degrees. Latitude, therefore, can never exceed ninety 
degrees. There are therefore ninety degrees of north latitude, and ninety 
degrees of south latitude. 

1699. What is the greatest longitude a place can have 1 

Answer. Longitude is reckoned on a circle surrounding the earth, and 
is measured both toward the east and the west. This circle is also di- 
vided into three hundred and sixty degrees, one half of which (namely, 
one hundred and eighty degrees) is numbered toward the east, and the 
other half toward the west. Longitude, therefore, can never exceed one 
hundred and eighty degrees. If we measure one half of a circle toward 

* The degrees of latitude and longitude at the equator are not exactly equal to onn 
another, on account of the spheroidal form of the earth ; the equatorial diameter beinjt 
about thirty-four miles longer than the polar diameter. 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 53 

the east, and the other half toward the west, the numbers, as they increase 
both toward the east and the west, will meet at the one hundred and eighti 
eth degree ; therefore the one hundred and eightieth degree of east%u- 
gitude will be the same as the one hundred and eightieth degree of west 
longitude. 

1700. From what place is longitude generally computed ] 

Answer. Longitude is computed by different nations from different 
places,— generally from the capital of their respective countries. In our 
maps, it is computed both from Washington and from Greenwich.* The 
longitude from Washington is given at the top of some maps, and the 
longitude from London or Greenwich at the bottom. In other maps, 
this order is reversed, and the longitude from London is given at the top, 
while that from Washington is at the bottom of the map. As more fre- 
quent use is made of the calculations from Greenwich, the longitude 
should generally be given from Greenwich. 

What is the latitude of the following places ] 

[N.B. In mentioning the latitude of a place, always remember to say whether it ia 
north or south.] 

1701. Boston? 1708. Copenhagen? 1715. Rostak ? 

1702. London? 1709. Moscow? 1716. Medina? 

1703. Washington? 1710. Mexico? 1717. Borneo? 

1704. Madrid? 1711. Havana? 1718. Cape Horn? 

1705. Paris? 1712. Celebes? 1719. Sumatra? 

1706. Constantinople? 1713. Canton? 1720. Good Hope? )^„^„ 

1707. St. Petersburg? 1714. Calcutta? 1721. St. Roque? ( ^^^P^^- 

[The pupil may refer either to the map of the world, or to the map of the country in 
which the place is situated, in order to find the latitude, etc.] 

What is the longitude of the following places 1 

[In mentioning the longitude, always remember to say whether it is east or west.] 

1722. New York? 1727. Rome? 1732. Calcutta? 

1723. Boston? 1728. Constantmople? 1733. Cape Horn ? 

1724. Mexico? 1729. Berlin? 1734. Cape of Good 

1725. Washington? 1730. Pekin ? Hope? 

1726. Paris? 1731. Nankin? 

1735. Between what degrees of latitude and longitude 

does each of the grand divisions of the earth lie 1 

Answer. North America, 8 and 80 north, 20 and 160 west. 
South America, 12 north 56 south, 35 and 80 west. 
Europe, 35 and 75 north, 10 west and 60 east. 
Asia, 1 and 75 north, 30 and 180 east. 
Africa, 35 north and 36 south, 20 west and 50 east. 
New Holland, 10 and 36 south, 110 and 150 east. 

* Greenwich is a large town about five miles east of London. There is m Green- 
wich a royal obser\'atory, where astronomical and geographical calculations are made ; 
and the longitude for the use of English navigators is computed from this place. As 
Greenwich is very near London, the most noted city in the world, the longitude com- 
puted from Greenwich is generally called the longitude from London ; but the longitude 
from London is about five minutes, or, which is the same thing, five miles, west of that 
from Greenwich. In many atlases, the longitude on the map of the world is represent- 
ed as the " longitude from London," while in other maps it is expressed as the " longi- 
tude from Greenwich." 



54 GEOGRAPHICAL aUESTIONS. 

1736. What is the latitude and longitude of the follow- 
ing places 1 



1737. 


Pekin ? 


1748. 


Paris ? 


1759. 


Philadelphia? 


1738. 


Boston ? 


1749. 


Rome? 


1760. 


St. Louis ? 


1739. 


Nankin? 


1750. 


Constantinople ? 


1761. 


New Orleans ? 


1740. 


Cape Horn ? 


1751. 


Madrid? 


1762. 


Cincinnati ? 


1741. 


Lima? 


1752. 


Lisbon ? 


1763. 


Genoa? 


.1742. 


Rio Janeiro ? 


1753. 


Algiers ? 


1764. 


Cairo ? 


1743. 


JMexico? 


1754. 


Berlin? 


1765. 


St. Helena? 


1744. 


New York? 


1755. 


Canton ? 


1766. 


Sandwich Islands ? 


1745. 


Washington ? 


i756. 


Calcutta? 


1767. 


Greenland ? 


1746. 


London ? 


1757. 


Baltimore ? 


1768. 


Cape of Good 


1747. 


Montreal ? 


1758. 


Peru? 




Hope? 



1769. "What places are situated in the following degrees 
of latitude and longitude ? 

1770. Thirty-one north, thirty-six east ? 

1771. Twenty-three north, one hundred and thirteen east 1 

1772. Thirty-three north, seventy-nine west? 

1773. Fifty-one north, eight west ? 

1774. Fifty-six north, four west? 

1775. Twelve south, seventy-six west ? 

1776. Forty north, eight west ? 

1777. No latitude, seventy-eight west? 

1778. Of what use is the knowledge of the latitude of a 
place, beside enabling us to find the place ? 

Answer. The knowledge of the latitude of a place enables us to de- 
termine very nearly the temperature of the climate.* The nearer a 
place is to the equator, the hotter is the climate ; and the nearer a place 
is to the poles, the colder is the climate. But when a place is situated 
on a high mountain, or any elevation much above the level of the sea, 
the climate will be temperate althaugh it is near the equator. 

* The temperature of any place, and consequently the climate of that place, depend 
in great measure on the manner in which the sun shines on the place. Owing to the 
inclination of the earth's axis to the plane of its orbit, the sun shines on each succes- 
sive day in a different manner on every place on the surface of the earth ; and those 
places are the hottest where the sun, at twelve o'clock, shines most directly over- 
head. 

But the sun never shines directly overhead in any place which is more than 
twenty- three and a half degrees north or south of the equator ; but it always shines 
directly overhead in some places within twenty-three and a half degrees north or 
south of the equator. Consequently, those places must be the hottest, or have the 
warmest climate, which are nearest to the places where the sun shines directly over- 
head. 

When the sun shines directly overhead, the rays are said to be vertical, or to fall 
vertically on the earth. On the 21st of March, the sun's rays are vertical at the 
equator, and it is then hottest at the equator. On every successive day they become 
vertical to places a little north of the equator, till they reach the latitude of twenty- 
three and a half degrees, north, when they return backward in the same manner, till 
on the 23d of September they again reach the equator ; from which they proceed in a 
southerly direction, until they reach twenty-three and a half degrees of south latitude, 
when they again turn back to the equator. [See note, page 55.] 

This apparent motion of the vertical rays of the sun is caused by the motion of the 
earth in its orbit ; and the same cause produces the variation of the seasons, and the 
difference in the length of the days and nights. 

When the sun's rays are not vertical, they are oblique, and appear to come from a 
point a little north or south of the point directly overhead. All places north of twenty- 
three and a half degrees of north latitude see the sun toward the south at twelve 



GEOGRAPHICAL aUESTIONS. 55 

1779. What is meant by zones 1 

Answer. The literal meaning of the word zone is a girdle ; but in ge- 
ography the term zone is used to express certain divisions of the earth's 
surface, made with respect to the climate, or the degree of heat and cold. 

1780. How many zones are there, and what are their names ] 
Answer. There are five zones, namely, the Torrid zone, the northern 

Temperate, the southern Temperate, the northern Frigid, and the south- 
ern Frigid zones. 

1781. Where is each of these zones 1 

Answer. The Torrid zone lies between two circles called the tropics.* 
The Temperate zones lie between the tropics and two circles, called the 
polar circles. The two Frigid zones lie between the polar circles and 
the poles. The two circles, called the tropics, are parallel to the equa- 
tor, and are each at the distance of twenty-three degrees and a half from 
it. One is on the north side of the equator, and is called the Tropic of 
Cancer ; the other is on the south side, and is called the Tropic of Capri- 
corn. These circles are represented on maps by dotted lines. The 
polar circles lie sixty-six and a half degrees from the equator, or twenty- 
three and a half degrees from the poles. One is north of the equator, 
and is called the Arctic circle ; the other is south of the equator, and is 
called the Antarctic circle. The polar circles are represented on the 
map by dotted lines. 

What is the latitude of each of the following particulars ? 

1782. The Arctic circle? 1785. The Tropic of Capricorn? 

1783. The Antarctic circle ? 1786. The Equator ? [Pole ? 

1784. The Tropic of Cancer? 1787. The North Pole, and the South 

Between what degrees of latitude is each of the following] 

1788. The Torrid zone ? 1791. The North Frigid zone? 

1789. The North Temperate zone? 1792. The South Frigid zone? 

1790. The South Temperate zone? 

1793. In what zone do the following countries lie ? 

1794. United States ? J 801. Sumatra? 1808. New Holland? 

1795. England? 1802. Mexico? 1809. Canary islands? 

1796. France? 1803. Greenland? 1810. St. Helena? 

1797. Spain? 1804. Italy? 1811. Barbary states? 

1798. West Indies? 1805. Turkey? 1812. Lapland? 

1799. Madagascar? 1806. Peru? 1813. Russia? 

1800. Borneo? 1807. Guiana? 1814. Hindostan? 

o'clock ; and all places south of twenty-three and a half degrees see the sun toward 
the north, at the same hour. Consequently all shadows at twelve o'clock are cast to- 
ward the north in north latitude, and toward the south in south latitude, except be- 
tween the tropics ; but between the tropics, during one half of the year, shadows are 
cast toward the north ; and during the other half of the year, they are cast toward the 
south. When the sun is vertical at any place, no shadows will be cast at twelve 
o'clock. 

* The tropics are imaginary circles, supposed to be drawn on the surface of the 
earth, to represent the northern and southern limits of the vertical rays of the sun. 
They are so called from the Greek word Tropos, which signifies a turning : because 
from these points the vertical rays of the sun return toward the equator. The north- 
em tropic is called the Tropic of Cancer, because the sun, as viewed from the 
earth, appears to be in the constellation of Cancer, when the vertical rays fall on the 
twenty-third and a half degree of north latitude. The southern tropic is called the 
Tropic of Capricorn, because the sun appears to be in the constellation of Cap- 
ricorn, when the vertical rays fall on the twenty-third and a half degree of south 
latitude. 



56 GEOGRAPHICAL aUESTIONS. 

1815. Of what use is the knowledge of the longitude of a 
place, beside assisting us to find the place 1 

Answer. A knowledge of the longitude of places enables us to tell the 
difference of time in different places. It is exactly twelve o'clock at a 
place, when the sun is directly over the meridian of a place. To all 
places east, the time is later, to all places west, the time is earlier, than 
twelve o'clock. Now the earth turns around on its axis every day, that 
is, once in about twenty-four hours ; and as the circumference of the 
. earth, like all other circles, is divided into three hundred and sixty de- 
grees, it follows that it turns round at the rate of fifteen degrees every 
hour ; because three hundred and sixty divided by twenty-four, gives 
fifteen. Every fifteen degrees difference in longitude, therefore, makes 
the difference of one hour in time ; and every degree makes the differ- 
ence of four minutes. Thus, when it is twelve o'clock at any place, it 
is one o'clock at all places fifteen degrees east of it, and eleven o'clock 
at all places fifteen degrees west of it. 

1816. In what direction are shadows cast at twelve o'clock 
at noon at the following places 1 ( To answer these qiies- 
tions the pupil must look at the note on page 54.) 

1817. New York? 

1818. Boston? 

1819. London? 

1820. Paris? 

1821. Madrid? 

1822. New Zealand ? 

1823. Sweden? 

1824. St. Dommgo ? 

1825. Chili? 

In what direction are shadows thrown at the following 
places, on the 21st of June, when the sun is vertical (or 
directly overhead), at the Tropic of Cancer ? 

1843. Brazil? 1846. Sumatra ? 1849. New Holland ? 

1844. Peru ? 1847. Borneo ? 1850. New Zealand ? 

1845. Madagascar? 1848. Celebes? 1851. Sandwich islands ? 

In what direction will shadows be cast at the same 
places {mentioned in questions 1843 to 1851), on the 23d 
of September, when the sun is vertical at the equator; and 
also on the 21st December, when it is vertical at the Tropic 
of Capricorn ] [Give a separate ansiver to each question.) 

Judging by the latitude alone, which of the following 
places has the warmer climate 1 

1852. New York or Boston ? 1858. The Sandwich or the Bahama 

1853. Paris or London ? islands ? 

1854. New York or Quebec ? 1859. New York or Madrid? 

1855. Boston or Montreal ? 1860. France or Spain ? 

1856. Baltimore or New Orleans? 1861. Turkey or Arabia ? 

1857. Borneo or New Holland ? 1862. Egypt or Persia? 

[N.B. Owing to causes which, have not been fully explained, it has been found that 
places on the eastern continent are g^enerally as warm as places ten degrees farther 
south, on the western continent.] 



1826. 


Newfoundland ? 


1835. 


Norway ? 


1827. 


Brazil ? 


1836. 


The Azores? 


1828. 


California? 


1837. 


Peru? 


1829. 


United States ? 


1838. 


Spain ? 


1830. 


Patagonia ? 


1839. 


Russia ? 


18^1. 


Ireland ? 


1840. 


Canada ? 


1832. 


New Holland ? 


1841. 


Mexico ? 


1833. 


Madagascar ? 


1842. 


Cape of Good 


1834. 


Cape Horn ? 




Hope? 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 57 



LENGTH OF DAYS AND NIGHTS. 

[The length of the day aud the night differs most in places farthest from the equa- 
tor. The farther a place is from the equator the longer will be the day and the shorter 
the night during one half of the year, and the longer the night and the shorter the 
day during the other half of the year. The longest days and shortest nights occur in 
north latitude from March to June, and in south latitude from September to Decem- 
ber.] 

On the 21st of June which has the longer day 1 

1863. New York or London ? 1865. Baltimore or Madrid ? 

1864. Boston or Paris ? 1866. New Orleans or Havana ? 

1867. When it is twelve o'clock at noon at London, what 
o'clock is it at the following places ? [See ansiver to 
question 1815.) 

1868. Paris? 1873. Constantinople? 1878. Sandwich islands ? 

1869. Boston? 1874. Canton? 1879. St. Petersburg? 

1870. New York? 1875. Calcutta? 1880. Madrid? 

1871. Washington? 1876. Cape Horn ? 1881. Vienna? 

1872. New Orleans? 1877. Lima? 1882. Lisbon? 



DIRECTION OF PLACES. 

[In answering the following questions, the pupils will stand or sit with their faces to 
the north, and point to the direction in which the place is situated.] 

In what direction are the following places fi'om the spot 
where you now are % 



1883. 


Rome? 


1890. 


Portland ? 


1897. 


Sandwich islands ? 


1884. 


Paris? 


1891. 


Harrisburg? 


1898. 


St. Petersburg? 


1885. 


Lisbon ? 


1892. 


Washington ? 


1899. 


Nankin ? 


1886. 


New York ? 


1893. 


London ? 


1900. 


Borneo ? 


1887. 


Philadelphia? 


1894. 


Canton ? 


1901. 


Madagascar ? 


1888. 


Baltimore ? 


1895. 


New Holland ? 


1902. 


Egypt ? 


1889. 


New Orleans ? 


1896. 


Greenland? 


1903. 


Havana ? 



1904. Why do some countries appear larger on some maps 
than on others % 

Ayiswer. On account of the different scale on which they are drawn. 
Thus, the map of the world presents all the countries of the world on a 
single page ; while the map of Europe presents Europe alone on a simi- 
lar page. A map which presents the fewest degrees of latitude and lon- 
gitude on the same space is drawn on the largest scale. 

TRAVELS ON THE MAPS. 

[In the following questions, any other place in which this book may be used may be 
substituted for New York.] 

Through what waters must a vessel sail in going from 
New York to each of the following places '? 

1905. London? 1908. Rio Janeiro ? 1911. Valparaiso? 

1906. Liverpool? 1909. Japan? 1912. Gold Coast of 

1907. Havre or Paris ? 1910. New Holland ? Africa? 



58 



GEOGRAPHICAL aUESTIONS. 



1913. Madrid? 

1914. Constantinople ? 

1915. Lisbon? 

1916. Calcutta? 

1917. Canton? 

1918. Pekin? 

1919. St. Petersburg? 

1920. New Orleans ? 

1936. 



1929. Cayenne? 

1930. Mahon? 

1931. Sandwich islands? 

1932. Rome? 

1933. Stockholm? 

1934. N. W. Coast of 
America? 

1935. Hamburg? 

What are the names of the different countries con- 



1921. Lima? 

1922. Madagascar? 

1923. Batavia? 

1924. Algiers? 

1925. Copenhagen? 

1926. Mexico? 

1927. Cuba? 

1928. Amsterdam? 



tained in the whole world ] {See questions 9 to 16.) 



MOUNTAINS. 

1937. What are some of the highest mountains in the 
world 1 

Answer. The hig;hest mountains in the world, with the length of the 
whole chain to which they respectively belong, are as follows : — 



Name of 
Mountains. 


Country in which 
they are situated. 


Height. 


Length of the chaii. 


Himmaleli (or 

Himalaya) . . 

Andes 

Cordilleras . . 


India . 


30,000 feet, or 
nearly six miles . . 

25,000 feet, or near- 
ly Jive miles .... 

12,000 feet, or two 




South America 

(Chili & Peru). 
Mexico 


1500 miles. 

7000 miles. 

The whole American chain is 


Pyrenees 


Spain ''. 


11,500 miles. 
200 miles. 


Ural 


5000 feet, or about 

one mile 

About 5000 feet . . . 
5000 feet 




Dofrafield . . . . 

Apennines 

Apalachian . . . 


Norway 

Italy 


1500 miles. 
1000 miles. 


United States . . . 


5000 " 


1500 miles. 



THE TERRESTRIAL GLOBE. 



[The terrestrial globe represents the surface of the earth in a more correct manner 
than the map of the world ; and they who are acquainted with that map will readily 
perceive that the lines representing- the different circles on the map are really circles 
on the globe. For the understanding- of a few simple problems on the globe, it will be 
unnecessary, therefore, particularly to describe those things which have been explained 
in connection with the map ; such as the equator, the poles, the axis, the tropics, the 
polar circles, the meridians, the parallels of latitude, the zones, etc.] 

The terrestrial globe differs from the map of the world in being spherical instead of 
circular. The map of the world is circular, not spherical. (See answer to question 
1688.) The globe is set in a circle of brass, called the brazen meridian. This merid- 
ian is called brazen, because it is made of brass ; and it is a meridian, because it pass- 
es in a north and south direction, directly over both poles, like all the meridians on the 
map, or the globe ; and it always represents the meridian of every place which stands 
under it. 

The brazen meridian, with the globe attached to it, is placed on a wooden frame ; 
and rests on a screw underneath, so contrived as to fit into a groove in the brazen merid- 
ian, by which the globe is confined in the frame ; while it can be freely turned on its 
axis, or with the meridian. 

The brazen meridian, like all other circles, is divided in 360 degrees ; 90 of which 
are numbered from the equator toward each pole, and 90 from each pole to the equa- 
tor. The degrees numbered from the equator toward the poles are used to ascertain 
the latitude of a place ; and those numbered from the poles to the equator are used for 
rectifying the globe for the latitude of a place. 

The frame in which the globe stands, has a broad circular top, called the wooden 
horizon, which, when the globe stands properly on its frame, appears to divide the globe 
into two equal parts, one of which will be above and the other below the same wooden 
horizon. 

The wooden horizon contains three circles, on the innermost of which are marked 
the thirty-two points of the Mariner's Compass ;* the next has the names, characters, 
and figures of the twelve signs of the Zodiac ;t and the third is a calendar of months 
and days. By the last two, the sign and degree the sun is in during any day in the year 
may be ascertained. 

* The four cardinal points, North, South, East, and West, are inclosed in a circle, which, like all 
other circles, is divided into 360 degrees. From jforth to Eaet is a quarter ofthis circle, or 90 degrees. 
These ninety degrees are subdivided into eight equal parts. In like manner, the distances from East to 
South, from South to West, and from West to North are divided into eight equal parts; and thus the 
whole circle is divided into four times 8, or 3-2 equal parts or points. These are what are called Uie 
thirty-two points of the mariner's compass. The names of these points are marked on the wooden hori- 
zon of the globe, and may be easily read thus: North b3' East, Northeast by East, etc. The initial 
letters only are expressed, but the names of the points can all easily be read without further explana- 
tion. 

t The Zodiac is a broad belt in tlie heaTcns, sixteen degrees wide, apparently surrounding the earth, 
and containing twelve constellations, or clusters of stars, called the Signs of the Zodiac. The names of 
these constellations are Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, heo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, C.ap- 
ricomtis, Aquarius, and Pisces. The sun, when viewed from the earth, always appears to be in the 
direction of one of these signs. Each of these signs embraces thirty degrees ; the twelve signs tiius 
occupying 360 degrees, or the whole circle of the Zodiac. The sun is said to be in any one of these signs, 
when by the motion of the earth it is made to appear in the direction of any one of them. The annual 
motion of the earth around the sun causes the sun to be in the direction of each one of these signs suc- 
cessively in the course of the year. 

There is a circle, called the Ecliptic, drawn on the globe at an angle of 23 1-2 degrees with the equator. 
This circle properly belongs in the heavens, and is designed to represent the annual path ororbitof the 
earth around the sun. The Zodiac extends eight degrees each side of the ecliptic. The Signs of the 
Zodiac are represented on the ecliptic by the characters which designate them. These will be found on 
the wooden horizon, in connection with their respective names. 



60 PROBLEMS. 



PROBLEMS ON THE TERRESTRIAL GLOBE. 

Problem 1. To find the Latitude of a place. — Find the place, and bring it to the 
brazen meridian {that edge which is graduated from the equator to the poles), and the 
degree on the meridian over the place is the latitude. (-See answer to question 1691.) 

Problem 2. To find the Longitude of a place. — Bring the place to the brazen merid- 
ian, and the degree on the equator, under the meridian, will be the longitude. {See 
answer to question 1692.) 

Problem 3. The latitude and longitude being given, to find any place. — Look for 
the given longitude on the equator, and bring it to the brazen meridian, and under the 
place will be found the given degree of latitude on the meridian. 

Problem 4. To find the difference of latitude or longitude of any two places. — If 
both places are in north latitude, or both in south, subtract the latitude of the one from 
the latitude of the other. If the latitude of one place is north and the other south, add 
the latitude of the one to that of the other. 

In like manner, if the longitude of both places is east, or both west, subtract the lon- 
gitude of the one from that of the other. If one be east and the other west, add the lon- 
gitude of one to that of the other ; and, if the sum does not exceed 180 degrees, it will 
be the difference requii-ed. But if the sum exceeds 180 degrees, subtract it from 360, 
and the remainder will be the difference required. 

Problem 5. To find the distance between any two places on the globe. — Measure 
the distance between the two places with a pair of dividers (or a piece of paper), and 
applying it to the brazen meridian, ascertain the number of degrees that are contained 
in the distance. These degrees multiplied by 69J wiU give the distance in English 
miles. '' 

Problem 6. The hour at any place being given, to find what hour it is at any other 
place. — Bring the place where the hour is given to the brazen meridian, and set the in- 
dex of the hour-circle to that hour ; then turn the globe till the proposed place comes 
under the meridian, and the index will point to the hour at that place. 

Problem 7. To rectify the globe for the latitude, zenith, and sun''s place. — For the 
latitude : Elevate the pole above the horizon, according to the latitude of the place. 
For the zenith : Screw the quadrant of altitude* on the meridian at the given degree 
of latitude, counting from the equator toward the elevated pole. For the sun's place : 
Find the sun's place on the horizon, and then bring the same place found on the ecliptic 
to the meridian, and set the hour-index to twelve at noon. 

Problem 8. To find at what hour the sun rises and sets any day in the year, and 
also upon what point of the compass. — Rectify the globe as in the preceding problem, 
and turn the sun's place to the eastern edge of the horizon, and the index wiU point to 
the hour of rising ; then bring it to the western edge, and the index will show the hour 
of setting. The points of the compass will be indicated on the wooden horizon. 

Problem 9. To find the length of the day and night. — Double the time of the sun's 
rising, and it will give the length of the night ; double the time of his setting, and it 
will give the length of the day. 

Problem 10. To find the places to which an eclipse of the moon is visible at any in- 
stant. — Find the place to which the sun is vertical at that time, and bring that place to 
the zenith, and set the index to the upper twelve ; then turn the globe till the index 
points to the lower twelve, and the eclipse will be visible to every part of the earth that 
is now above the horizon. 

* The quadrant of altitude is a tliin strip of brass, graduated like the brazen meridian, and furnished 
with a screw, by which it may be fastened to that meridian. The degrees marked on the quadrant of 
altitude must correspond in size with those on the meridian. Hence the quadrant of altitude belonging 
to one globe can not be used with another globe of different size. 



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